diff --git a/index.css b/index.css
index eb1e82fc..49ecd8f0 100644
--- a/index.css
+++ b/index.css
@@ -122,10 +122,6 @@ a {
   fill: none;
 }
 
-#biomes {
-  stroke-width: 0.7;
-}
-
 #landmass {
   mask: url(#land);
   fill-rule: evenodd;
@@ -190,20 +186,12 @@ t,
   font-size: 0.8em;
 }
 
-#statesBody {
-  stroke-width: 3;
-}
-
 #statesHalo {
   fill: none;
   stroke-linecap: round;
   stroke-linejoin: round;
 }
 
-#provincesBody {
-  stroke-width: 0.2;
-}
-
 #statesBody,
 #provincesBody,
 #relig,
@@ -733,7 +721,7 @@ input[type="color"]::-webkit-color-swatch-wrapper {
 
 #toolsContent > .grid {
   display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
+  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
   margin: 0.2em 0;
 }
 
@@ -780,7 +768,7 @@ fieldset {
   text-overflow: ellipsis;
 }
 
-.tabcontent .buttonoff {
+.tabcontent li.buttonoff {
   background-color: var(--bg-disabled);
   color: #444444aa;
 }
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 931174f1..6fcaf3c5 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@
       }
     </style>
 
-    <link rel="preload" href="index.css?v=1.99.11" as="style" onload="this.onload=null; this.rel='stylesheet'" />
+    <link rel="preload" href="index.css?v=1.104.0" as="style" onload="this.onload=null; this.rel='stylesheet'" />
     <link rel="preload" href="icons.css" as="style" onload="this.onload=null; this.rel='stylesheet'" />
     <link rel="preload" href="libs/jquery-ui.css" as="style" onload="this.onload=null; this.rel='stylesheet'" />
   </head>
@@ -344,6 +344,10 @@
         </g>
 
         <g id="deftemp">
+          <g id="featurePaths"></g>
+          <g id="textPaths"></g>
+          <g id="statePaths"></g>
+          <g id="defs-emblems"></g>
           <mask id="land"></mask>
           <mask id="water">
             <rect x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" fill="white" />
@@ -351,9 +355,6 @@
           <mask id="fog" style="stroke-width: 10; stroke: black; stroke-linejoin: round; stroke-opacity: 0.1">
             <rect x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" fill="white" stroke="none" />
           </mask>
-          <g id="textPaths"></g>
-          <g id="statePaths"></g>
-          <g id="defs-emblems"></g>
         </g>
 
         <pattern id="oceanic" width="100" height="100" patternUnits="userSpaceOnUse">
@@ -438,7 +439,7 @@
           <select
             data-tip="Select a map layers preset"
             id="layersPreset"
-            onchange="changePreset(this.value)"
+            onchange="handleLayersPresetChange(this.value)"
             style="width: 45%"
           >
             <option value="political" selected>Political map</option>
@@ -478,7 +479,6 @@
               id="toggleTexture"
               data-tip="Texture overlay: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="X"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="toggleTexture(event)"
             >
               Te<u>x</u>ture
@@ -487,7 +487,6 @@
               id="toggleHeight"
               data-tip="Heightmap: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="H"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="toggleHeight(event)"
             >
               <u>H</u>eightmap
@@ -496,7 +495,6 @@
               id="toggleBiomes"
               data-tip="Biomes: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="B"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="toggleBiomes(event)"
             >
               <u>B</u>iomes
@@ -505,7 +503,6 @@
               id="toggleCells"
               data-tip="Cells structure: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="E"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="toggleCells(event)"
             >
               C<u>e</u>lls
@@ -514,7 +511,6 @@
               id="toggleGrid"
               data-tip="Grid: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower. Ctrl + click to edit layer style and select type"
               data-shortcut="G"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="toggleGrid(event)"
             >
               <u>G</u>rid
@@ -523,7 +519,6 @@
               id="toggleCoordinates"
               data-tip="Coordinate grid: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="O"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="toggleCoordinates(event)"
             >
               C<u>o</u>ordinates
@@ -532,7 +527,6 @@
               id="toggleCompass"
               data-tip="Wind (Compass) Rose: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="W"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="toggleCompass(event)"
             >
               <u>W</u>ind Rose
@@ -549,7 +543,6 @@
               id="toggleRelief"
               data-tip="Relief and biome icons: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="F"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="toggleRelief(event)"
             >
               Relie<u>f</u>
@@ -558,7 +551,6 @@
               id="toggleReligions"
               data-tip="Religions: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="R"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="toggleReligions(event)"
             >
               <u>R</u>eligions
@@ -567,7 +559,6 @@
               id="toggleCultures"
               data-tip="Cultures: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="C"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="toggleCultures(event)"
             >
               <u>C</u>ultures
@@ -584,7 +575,6 @@
               id="toggleProvinces"
               data-tip="Provinces: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="P"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="toggleProvinces(event)"
             >
               <u>P</u>rovinces
@@ -593,7 +583,6 @@
               id="toggleZones"
               data-tip="Zones: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="Z"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="toggleZones(event)"
             >
               <u>Z</u>ones
@@ -610,17 +599,15 @@
               id="toggleRoutes"
               data-tip="Trade routes: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="U"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="toggleRoutes(event)"
             >
               Ro<u>u</u>tes
             </li>
             <li
-              id="toggleTemp"
+              id="toggleTemperature"
               data-tip="Temperature map: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="T"
-              class="buttonoff"
-              onclick="toggleTemp(event)"
+              onclick="toggleTemperature(event)"
             >
               <u>T</u>emperature
             </li>
@@ -628,7 +615,6 @@
               id="togglePopulation"
               data-tip="Population map: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="N"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="togglePopulation(event)"
             >
               Populatio<u>n</u>
@@ -637,17 +623,15 @@
               id="toggleIce"
               data-tip="Icebergs and glaciers: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="J"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="toggleIce(event)"
             >
               Ice
             </li>
             <li
-              id="togglePrec"
+              id="togglePrecipitation"
               data-tip="Precipitation map: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="A"
-              class="buttonoff"
-              onclick="togglePrec(event)"
+              onclick="togglePrecipitation(event)"
             >
               Precipit<u>a</u>tion
             </li>
@@ -655,7 +639,6 @@
               id="toggleEmblems"
               data-tip="Emblems: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="Y"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="toggleEmblems(event)"
             >
               Emblems
@@ -669,10 +652,10 @@
               <u>L</u>abels
             </li>
             <li
-              id="toggleIcons"
+              id="toggleBurgIcons"
               data-tip="Burg icons: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="I"
-              onclick="toggleIcons(event)"
+              onclick="toggleBurgIcons(event)"
             >
               <u>I</u>cons
             </li>
@@ -680,7 +663,6 @@
               id="toggleMilitary"
               data-tip="Military forces: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="M"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="toggleMilitary(event)"
             >
               <u>M</u>ilitary
@@ -689,7 +671,6 @@
               id="toggleMarkers"
               data-tip="Markers: click to toggle, drag to raise or lower the layer. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="K"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="toggleMarkers(event)"
             >
               Mar<u>k</u>ers
@@ -698,7 +679,6 @@
               id="toggleRulers"
               data-tip="Rulers: click to toggle, drag to move, click on label to delete. Ctrl + click to edit layer style"
               data-shortcut="= (equal sign)"
-              class="buttonoff"
               onclick="toggleRulers(event)"
             >
               Rulers
@@ -2095,7 +2075,7 @@
               id="regenerateStateLabels"
               data-tip="Click to update state labels placement based on current borders"
             >
-              Labels
+              State Labels
             </button>
             <button id="regenerateMarkers" data-tip="Click to regenerate unlocked markers">
               Markers <i id="configRegenerateMarkers" class="icon-cog" data-tip="Click to set number multiplier"></i>
@@ -2128,7 +2108,7 @@
             <button id="regenerateRoutes" data-tip="Click to regenerate all unlocked routes">Routes</button>
             <button
               id="regenerateStates"
-              data-tip="Click to select new capitals and regenerate non-locked states. Emblems and military forces will be regenerated as well, burgs will remain as they are"
+              data-tip="Click to regenerate non-locked states. Emblems and military forces will be regenerated as well, burgs will remain as they are, but capitals will be different"
             >
               States
             </button>
@@ -8051,47 +8031,49 @@
     <script src="utils/stringUtils.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
     <script src="utils/languageUtils.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
     <script src="utils/unitUtils.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
-    <script src="utils/pathUtils.js?v=1.100.00"></script>
+    <script src="utils/pathUtils.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
     <script defer src="utils/debugUtils.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
 
     <script src="modules/voronoi.js"></script>
     <script src="config/heightmap-templates.js"></script>
     <script src="config/precreated-heightmaps.js"></script>
     <script src="modules/heightmap-generator.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
-    <script src="modules/ocean-layers.js?v=1.100.00"></script>
+    <script src="modules/features.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
+    <script src="modules/ocean-layers.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
     <script src="modules/river-generator.js?v=1.99.05"></script>
     <script src="modules/lakes.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
     <script src="modules/biomes.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
     <script src="modules/names-generator.js?v=1.87.14"></script>
     <script src="modules/cultures-generator.js?v=1.99.05"></script>
-    <script src="modules/renderers/state-labels.js?v=1.96.04"></script>
-    <script src="modules/burgs-and-states.js?v=1.99.05"></script>
+    <script src="modules/burgs-and-states.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
+    <script src="modules/provinces-generator.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
     <script src="modules/routes-generator.js?v=1.99.04"></script>
     <script src="modules/religions-generator.js?v=1.99.05"></script>
-    <script src="modules/military-generator.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
-    <script src="modules/markers-generator.js?v=1.103.02"></script>
-    <script src="modules/zones-generator.js?v=1.103.7"></script>
+    <script src="modules/military-generator.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
+    <script src="modules/markers-generator.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
+    <script src="modules/zones-generator.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
     <script src="modules/coa-generator.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
-    <script src="modules/submap.js?v=1.100.00"></script>
+    <script src="modules/submap.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
+    <script src="libs/alea.min.js"></script>
     <script src="libs/polylabel.min.js"></script>
     <script src="libs/lineclip.min.js"></script>
-    <script src="libs/alea.min.js"></script>
+    <script src="libs/simplify.js"></script>
     <script src="modules/fonts.js?v=1.99.03"></script>
     <script src="modules/ui/layers.js?v=1.101.00"></script>
     <script src="modules/ui/measurers.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
     <script src="modules/ui/style-presets.js?v=1.100.00"></script>
 
-    <script src="modules/ui/general.js?v=1.103.5"></script>
+    <script src="modules/ui/general.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
     <script src="modules/ui/options.js?v=1.100.00"></script>
-    <script src="main.js?v=1.100.00"></script>
+    <script src="main.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
 
     <script defer src="modules/relief-icons.js?v=1.99.05"></script>
-    <script defer src="modules/ui/style.js?v=1.101.00"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/ui/style.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/ui/editors.js?v=1.99.05"></script>
-    <script defer src="modules/ui/tools.js?v=1.100.00"></script>
-    <script defer src="modules/ui/world-configurator.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
-    <script defer src="modules/ui/heightmap-editor.js?v=1.100.00"></script>
-    <script defer src="modules/ui/provinces-editor.js?v=1.99.05"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/ui/tools.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/ui/world-configurator.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/ui/heightmap-editor.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/ui/provinces-editor.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/ui/biomes-editor.js?v=1.99.05"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/ui/namesbase-editor.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/ui/elevation-profile.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
@@ -8107,7 +8089,7 @@
     <script defer src="modules/ui/rivers-creator.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/ui/relief-editor.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/ui/burg-editor.js?v=1.102.00"></script>
-    <script defer src="modules/ui/units-editor.js?v=1.99.05"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/ui/units-editor.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/ui/notes-editor.js?v=1.99.06"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/ui/ai-generator.js?v=1.99.09"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/ui/diplomacy-editor.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
@@ -8116,7 +8098,7 @@
     <script defer src="modules/ui/routes-overview.js?v=1.100.00"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/ui/rivers-overview.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/ui/military-overview.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
-    <script defer src="modules/ui/regiments-overview.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/ui/regiments-overview.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/ui/markers-overview.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/ui/regiment-editor.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/ui/battle-screen.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
@@ -8124,13 +8106,25 @@
     <script defer src="modules/ui/markers-editor.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/ui/3d.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/ui/submap.js?v=1.99.10"></script>
-    <script defer src="modules/ui/hotkeys.js?v=1.99.15"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/ui/hotkeys.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/coa-renderer.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
     <script defer src="libs/rgbquant.min.js"></script>
     <script defer src="libs/jquery.ui.touch-punch.min.js"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/io/save.js?v=1.100.00"></script>
-    <script defer src="modules/io/load.js?v=1.103.4"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/io/load.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/io/cloud.js?v=1.99.00"></script>
     <script defer src="modules/io/export.js?v=1.100.00"></script>
+
+    <script defer src="modules/renderers/draw-features.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/renderers/draw-borders.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/renderers/draw-heightmap.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/renderers/draw-markers.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/renderers/draw-scalebar.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/renderers/draw-temperature.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/renderers/draw-emblems.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/renderers/draw-military.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/renderers/draw-state-labels.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/renderers/draw-burg-labels.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
+    <script defer src="modules/renderers/draw-burg-icons.js?v=1.104.0"></script>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/libs/simplify.js b/libs/simplify.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ecae2ba9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/simplify.js
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+/*
+ (c) 2017, Vladimir Agafonkin
+ Simplify.js, a high-performance JS polyline simplification library
+ mourner.github.io/simplify-js
+*/
+{
+  // square distance between 2 points
+  function getSqDist([x1, y1], [x2, y2]) {
+    const dx = x1 - x2;
+    const dy = y1 - y2;
+
+    return dx * dx + dy * dy;
+  }
+
+  // square distance from a point to a segment
+  function getSqSegDist([x1, y1], [x, y], [x2, y2]) {
+    let dx = x2 - x;
+    let dy = y2 - y;
+
+    if (dx !== 0 || dy !== 0) {
+      const t = ((x1 - x) * dx + (y1 - y) * dy) / (dx * dx + dy * dy);
+
+      if (t > 1) {
+        x = x2;
+        y = y2;
+      } else if (t > 0) {
+        x += dx * t;
+        y += dy * t;
+      }
+    }
+
+    dx = x1 - x;
+    dy = y1 - y;
+
+    return dx * dx + dy * dy;
+  }
+  // rest of the code doesn't care about point format
+
+  // basic distance-based simplification
+  function simplifyRadialDist(points, sqTolerance) {
+    let prevPoint = points[0];
+    const newPoints = [prevPoint];
+    let point;
+
+    for (let i = 1, len = points.length; i < len; i++) {
+      point = points[i];
+
+      if (getSqDist(point, prevPoint) > sqTolerance) {
+        newPoints.push(point);
+        prevPoint = point;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (point && prevPoint !== point) newPoints.push(point);
+
+    return newPoints;
+  }
+
+  function simplifyDPStep(points, first, last, sqTolerance, simplified) {
+    let maxSqDist = sqTolerance;
+    let index = first;
+
+    for (let i = first + 1; i < last; i++) {
+      const sqDist = getSqSegDist(points[i], points[first], points[last]);
+
+      if (sqDist > maxSqDist) {
+        index = i;
+        maxSqDist = sqDist;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (maxSqDist > sqTolerance) {
+      if (index - first > 1) simplifyDPStep(points, first, index, sqTolerance, simplified);
+      simplified.push(points[index]);
+      if (last - index > 1) simplifyDPStep(points, index, last, sqTolerance, simplified);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // simplification using Ramer-Douglas-Peucker algorithm
+  function simplifyDouglasPeucker(points, sqTolerance) {
+    const last = points.length - 1;
+
+    const simplified = [points[0]];
+    simplifyDPStep(points, 0, last, sqTolerance, simplified);
+    simplified.push(points[last]);
+
+    return simplified;
+  }
+
+  // both algorithms combined for awesome performance
+  function simplify(points, tolerance, highestQuality = false) {
+    if (points.length <= 2) return points;
+
+    const sqTolerance = tolerance * tolerance;
+
+    points = highestQuality ? points : simplifyRadialDist(points, sqTolerance);
+    points = simplifyDouglasPeucker(points, sqTolerance);
+
+    return points;
+  }
+
+  window.simplify = simplify;
+}
diff --git a/main.js b/main.js
index 561f963b..41710975 100644
--- a/main.js
+++ b/main.js
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ const ERROR = true;
 const MOBILE = window.innerWidth < 600 || navigator.userAgentData?.mobile;
 
 // typed arrays max values
+const INT8_MAX = 127;
 const UINT8_MAX = 255;
 const UINT16_MAX = 65535;
 const UINT32_MAX = 4294967295;
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ let trails = routes.append("g").attr("id", "trails");
 let searoutes = routes.append("g").attr("id", "searoutes");
 let temperature = viewbox.append("g").attr("id", "temperature");
 let coastline = viewbox.append("g").attr("id", "coastline");
-let ice = viewbox.append("g").attr("id", "ice").style("display", "none");
+let ice = viewbox.append("g").attr("id", "ice");
 let prec = viewbox.append("g").attr("id", "prec").style("display", "none");
 let population = viewbox.append("g").attr("id", "population");
 let emblems = viewbox.append("g").attr("id", "emblems").style("display", "none");
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ let labels = viewbox.append("g").attr("id", "labels");
 let icons = viewbox.append("g").attr("id", "icons");
 let burgIcons = icons.append("g").attr("id", "burgIcons");
 let anchors = icons.append("g").attr("id", "anchors");
-let armies = viewbox.append("g").attr("id", "armies").style("display", "none");
+let armies = viewbox.append("g").attr("id", "armies");
 let markers = viewbox.append("g").attr("id", "markers");
 let fogging = viewbox
   .append("g")
@@ -313,9 +314,10 @@ async function checkLoadParameters() {
 async function generateMapOnLoad() {
   await applyStyleOnLoad(); // apply previously selected default or custom style
   await generate(); // generate map
-  applyPreset(); // apply saved layers preset
+  applyLayersPreset(); // apply saved layers preset and reder layers
+  drawLayers();
   fitMapToScreen();
-  focusOn(); // based on searchParams focus on point, cell or burg from MFCG
+  focusOn(); // focus on point, cell or burg from MFCG based on url searchParams
 }
 
 // focus on coordinates, cell or burg provided in searchParams
@@ -432,7 +434,9 @@ function findBurgForMFCG(params) {
 function handleZoom(isScaleChanged, isPositionChanged) {
   viewbox.attr("transform", `translate(${viewX} ${viewY}) scale(${scale})`);
 
-  if (isPositionChanged) drawCoordinates();
+  if (isPositionChanged) {
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleCoordinates")) drawCoordinates();
+  }
 
   if (isScaleChanged) {
     invokeActiveZooming();
@@ -544,21 +548,6 @@ function invokeActiveZooming() {
   }
 }
 
-async function renderGroupCOAs(g) {
-  const [group, type] =
-    g.id === "burgEmblems"
-      ? [pack.burgs, "burg"]
-      : g.id === "provinceEmblems"
-      ? [pack.provinces, "province"]
-      : [pack.states, "state"];
-  for (let use of g.children) {
-    const i = +use.dataset.i;
-    const id = type + "COA" + i;
-    COArenderer.trigger(id, group[i].coa);
-    use.setAttribute("href", "#" + id);
-  }
-}
-
 // add drag to upload logic, pull request from @evyatron
 void (function addDragToUpload() {
   document.addEventListener("dragover", function (e) {
@@ -624,8 +613,7 @@ async function generate(options) {
     grid.cells.h = await HeightmapGenerator.generate(grid);
     pack = {}; // reset pack
 
-    markFeatures();
-    markupGridOcean();
+    Features.markupGrid();
     addLakesInDeepDepressions();
     openNearSeaLakes();
 
@@ -636,11 +624,10 @@ async function generate(options) {
     generatePrecipitation();
 
     reGraph();
-    drawCoastline();
+    Features.markupPack();
+    createDefaultRuler();
 
     Rivers.generate();
-    drawRivers();
-    Lakes.defineGroup();
     Biomes.define();
 
     rankCells();
@@ -650,15 +637,12 @@ async function generate(options) {
     Routes.generate();
     Religions.generate();
     BurgsAndStates.defineStateForms();
-    BurgsAndStates.generateProvinces();
+    Provinces.generate();
+    Provinces.getPoles();
     BurgsAndStates.defineBurgFeatures();
 
-    drawStates();
-    drawBorders();
-    drawStateLabels();
-
     Rivers.specify();
-    Lakes.generateName();
+    Features.specify();
 
     Military.generate();
     Markers.generate();
@@ -716,69 +700,6 @@ function setSeed(precreatedSeed) {
   Math.random = aleaPRNG(seed);
 }
 
-// Mark features (ocean, lakes, islands) and calculate distance field
-function markFeatures() {
-  TIME && console.time("markFeatures");
-  Math.random = aleaPRNG(seed); // get the same result on heightmap edit in Erase mode
-
-  const cells = grid.cells;
-  const heights = grid.cells.h;
-  cells.f = new Uint16Array(cells.i.length); // cell feature number
-  cells.t = new Int8Array(cells.i.length); // cell type: 1 = land coast; -1 = water near coast
-  grid.features = [0];
-
-  for (let i = 1, queue = [0]; queue[0] !== -1; i++) {
-    cells.f[queue[0]] = i; // feature number
-    const land = heights[queue[0]] >= 20;
-    let border = false; // true if feature touches map border
-
-    while (queue.length) {
-      const q = queue.pop();
-      if (cells.b[q]) border = true;
-
-      cells.c[q].forEach(c => {
-        const cLand = heights[c] >= 20;
-        if (land === cLand && !cells.f[c]) {
-          cells.f[c] = i;
-          queue.push(c);
-        } else if (land && !cLand) {
-          cells.t[q] = 1;
-          cells.t[c] = -1;
-        }
-      });
-    }
-    const type = land ? "island" : border ? "ocean" : "lake";
-    grid.features.push({i, land, border, type});
-
-    queue[0] = cells.f.findIndex(f => !f); // find unmarked cell
-  }
-
-  TIME && console.timeEnd("markFeatures");
-}
-
-function markupGridOcean() {
-  TIME && console.time("markupGridOcean");
-  markup(grid.cells, -2, -1, -10);
-  TIME && console.timeEnd("markupGridOcean");
-}
-
-// Calculate cell-distance to coast for every cell
-function markup(cells, start, increment, limit) {
-  for (let t = start, count = Infinity; count > 0 && t > limit; t += increment) {
-    count = 0;
-    const prevT = t - increment;
-    for (let i = 0; i < cells.i.length; i++) {
-      if (cells.t[i] !== prevT) continue;
-
-      for (const c of cells.c[i]) {
-        if (cells.t[c]) continue;
-        cells.t[c] = t;
-        count++;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 function addLakesInDeepDepressions() {
   TIME && console.time("addLakesInDeepDepressions");
   const {cells, features} = grid;
@@ -1220,222 +1141,6 @@ function reGraph() {
   TIME && console.timeEnd("reGraph");
 }
 
-// Detect and draw the coastline
-function drawCoastline() {
-  TIME && console.time("drawCoastline");
-  reMarkFeatures();
-
-  const cells = pack.cells,
-    vertices = pack.vertices,
-    n = cells.i.length,
-    features = pack.features;
-  const used = new Uint8Array(features.length); // store connected features
-  const largestLand = d3.scan(
-    features.map(f => (f.land ? f.cells : 0)),
-    (a, b) => b - a
-  );
-  const landMask = defs.select("#land");
-  const waterMask = defs.select("#water");
-  lineGen.curve(d3.curveBasisClosed);
-
-  for (const i of cells.i) {
-    const startFromEdge = !i && cells.h[i] >= 20;
-    if (!startFromEdge && cells.t[i] !== -1 && cells.t[i] !== 1) continue; // non-edge cell
-    const f = cells.f[i];
-    if (used[f]) continue; // already connected
-    if (features[f].type === "ocean") continue; // ocean cell
-
-    const type = features[f].type === "lake" ? 1 : -1; // type value to search for
-    const start = findStart(i, type);
-    if (start === -1) continue; // cannot start here
-    let vchain = connectVertices(start, type);
-    if (features[f].type === "lake") relax(vchain, 1.2);
-    used[f] = 1;
-    let points = clipPoly(
-      vchain.map(v => vertices.p[v]),
-      1
-    );
-    const area = d3.polygonArea(points); // area with lakes/islands
-    if (area > 0 && features[f].type === "lake") {
-      points = points.reverse();
-      vchain = vchain.reverse();
-    }
-
-    features[f].area = Math.abs(area);
-    features[f].vertices = vchain;
-
-    const path = round(lineGen(points));
-
-    if (features[f].type === "lake") {
-      landMask
-        .append("path")
-        .attr("d", path)
-        .attr("fill", "black")
-        .attr("id", "land_" + f);
-      // waterMask.append("path").attr("d", path).attr("fill", "white").attr("id", "water_"+id); // uncomment to show over lakes
-      lakes
-        .select("#freshwater")
-        .append("path")
-        .attr("d", path)
-        .attr("id", "lake_" + f)
-        .attr("data-f", f); // draw the lake
-    } else {
-      landMask
-        .append("path")
-        .attr("d", path)
-        .attr("fill", "white")
-        .attr("id", "land_" + f);
-      waterMask
-        .append("path")
-        .attr("d", path)
-        .attr("fill", "black")
-        .attr("id", "water_" + f);
-      const g = features[f].group === "lake_island" ? "lake_island" : "sea_island";
-      coastline
-        .select("#" + g)
-        .append("path")
-        .attr("d", path)
-        .attr("id", "island_" + f)
-        .attr("data-f", f); // draw the coastline
-    }
-
-    // draw ruler to cover the biggest land piece
-    if (f === largestLand) {
-      const from = points[d3.scan(points, (a, b) => a[0] - b[0])];
-      const to = points[d3.scan(points, (a, b) => b[0] - a[0])];
-      rulers.create(Ruler, [from, to]);
-    }
-  }
-
-  // find cell vertex to start path detection
-  function findStart(i, t) {
-    if (t === -1 && cells.b[i]) return cells.v[i].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(c => c >= n)); // map border cell
-    const filtered = cells.c[i].filter(c => cells.t[c] === t);
-    const index = cells.c[i].indexOf(d3.min(filtered));
-    return index === -1 ? index : cells.v[i][index];
-  }
-
-  // connect vertices to chain
-  function connectVertices(start, t) {
-    const chain = []; // vertices chain to form a path
-    for (let i = 0, current = start; i === 0 || (current !== start && i < 50000); i++) {
-      const prev = chain[chain.length - 1]; // previous vertex in chain
-      chain.push(current); // add current vertex to sequence
-      const c = vertices.c[current]; // cells adjacent to vertex
-      const v = vertices.v[current]; // neighboring vertices
-      const c0 = c[0] >= n || cells.t[c[0]] === t;
-      const c1 = c[1] >= n || cells.t[c[1]] === t;
-      const c2 = c[2] >= n || cells.t[c[2]] === t;
-      if (v[0] !== prev && c0 !== c1) current = v[0];
-      else if (v[1] !== prev && c1 !== c2) current = v[1];
-      else if (v[2] !== prev && c0 !== c2) current = v[2];
-      if (current === chain[chain.length - 1]) {
-        ERROR && console.error("Next vertex is not found");
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    return chain;
-  }
-
-  // move vertices that are too close to already added ones
-  function relax(vchain, r) {
-    const p = vertices.p,
-      tree = d3.quadtree();
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < vchain.length; i++) {
-      const v = vchain[i];
-      let [x, y] = [p[v][0], p[v][1]];
-      if (i && vchain[i + 1] && tree.find(x, y, r) !== undefined) {
-        const v1 = vchain[i - 1],
-          v2 = vchain[i + 1];
-        const [x1, y1] = [p[v1][0], p[v1][1]];
-        const [x2, y2] = [p[v2][0], p[v2][1]];
-        [x, y] = [(x1 + x2) / 2, (y1 + y2) / 2];
-        p[v] = [x, y];
-      }
-      tree.add([x, y]);
-    }
-  }
-
-  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawCoastline");
-}
-
-// Re-mark features (ocean, lakes, islands)
-function reMarkFeatures() {
-  TIME && console.time("reMarkFeatures");
-  const cells = pack.cells;
-  const features = (pack.features = [0]);
-
-  cells.f = new Uint16Array(cells.i.length); // cell feature number
-  cells.t = new Int8Array(cells.i.length); // cell type: 1 = land along coast; -1 = water along coast;
-  cells.haven = cells.i.length < 65535 ? new Uint16Array(cells.i.length) : new Uint32Array(cells.i.length); // cell haven (opposite water cell);
-  cells.harbor = new Uint8Array(cells.i.length); // cell harbor (number of adjacent water cells);
-
-  if (!cells.i.length) return; // no cells -> there is nothing to do
-  for (let i = 1, queue = [0]; queue[0] !== -1; i++) {
-    const start = queue[0]; // first cell
-    cells.f[start] = i; // assign feature number
-    const land = cells.h[start] >= 20;
-    let border = false; // true if feature touches map border
-    let cellNumber = 1; // to count cells number in a feature
-
-    while (queue.length) {
-      const q = queue.pop();
-      if (cells.b[q]) border = true;
-      cells.c[q].forEach(function (e) {
-        const eLand = cells.h[e] >= 20;
-        if (land && !eLand) {
-          cells.t[q] = 1;
-          cells.t[e] = -1;
-          if (!cells.haven[q]) defineHaven(q);
-        } else if (land && eLand) {
-          if (!cells.t[e] && cells.t[q] === 1) cells.t[e] = 2;
-          else if (!cells.t[q] && cells.t[e] === 1) cells.t[q] = 2;
-        }
-        if (!cells.f[e] && land === eLand) {
-          queue.push(e);
-          cells.f[e] = i;
-          cellNumber++;
-        }
-      });
-    }
-
-    const type = land ? "island" : border ? "ocean" : "lake";
-    let group;
-    if (type === "ocean") group = defineOceanGroup(cellNumber);
-    else if (type === "island") group = defineIslandGroup(start, cellNumber);
-    features.push({i, land, border, type, cells: cellNumber, firstCell: start, group});
-    queue[0] = cells.f.findIndex(f => !f); // find unmarked cell
-  }
-
-  markup(pack.cells, 3, 1, 0); // markupPackLand
-  markup(pack.cells, -2, -1, -10); // markupPackWater
-
-  function defineHaven(i) {
-    const water = cells.c[i].filter(c => cells.h[c] < 20);
-    const dist2 = water.map(c => (cells.p[i][0] - cells.p[c][0]) ** 2 + (cells.p[i][1] - cells.p[c][1]) ** 2);
-    const closest = water[dist2.indexOf(Math.min.apply(Math, dist2))];
-
-    cells.haven[i] = closest;
-    cells.harbor[i] = water.length;
-  }
-
-  function defineOceanGroup(number) {
-    if (number > grid.cells.i.length / 25) return "ocean";
-    if (number > grid.cells.i.length / 100) return "sea";
-    return "gulf";
-  }
-
-  function defineIslandGroup(cell, number) {
-    if (cell && features[cells.f[cell - 1]].type === "lake") return "lake_island";
-    if (number > grid.cells.i.length / 10) return "continent";
-    if (number > grid.cells.i.length / 1000) return "island";
-    return "isle";
-  }
-
-  TIME && console.timeEnd("reMarkFeatures");
-}
-
 function isWetLand(moisture, temperature, height) {
   if (moisture > 40 && temperature > -2 && height < 25) return true; //near coast
   if (moisture > 24 && temperature > -2 && height > 24 && height < 60) return true; //off coast
@@ -1522,7 +1227,7 @@ const regenerateMap = debounce(async function (options) {
   resetZoom(1000);
   undraw();
   await generate(options);
-  restoreLayers();
+  drawLayers();
   if (ThreeD.options.isOn) ThreeD.redraw();
   if ($("#worldConfigurator").is(":visible")) editWorld();
 
@@ -1541,6 +1246,5 @@ function undraw() {
     .forEach(el => el.remove());
   byId("coas").innerHTML = ""; // remove auto-generated emblems
   notes = [];
-  rulers = new Rulers();
   unfog();
 }
diff --git a/modules/burgs-and-states.js b/modules/burgs-and-states.js
index 5d6d7a9e..e94a1a26 100644
--- a/modules/burgs-and-states.js
+++ b/modules/burgs-and-states.js
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ window.BurgsAndStates = (() => {
     placeTowns();
     expandStates();
     normalizeStates();
+    getPoles();
+
     specifyBurgs();
 
     collectStatistics();
@@ -20,7 +22,6 @@ window.BurgsAndStates = (() => {
 
     generateCampaigns();
     generateDiplomacy();
-    drawBurgs();
 
     function placeCapitals() {
       TIME && console.time("placeCapitals");
@@ -272,103 +273,6 @@ window.BurgsAndStates = (() => {
       });
   };
 
-  const drawBurgs = () => {
-    TIME && console.time("drawBurgs");
-
-    // remove old data
-    burgIcons.selectAll("circle").remove();
-    burgLabels.selectAll("text").remove();
-    icons.selectAll("use").remove();
-
-    // capitals
-    const capitals = pack.burgs.filter(b => b.capital && !b.removed);
-    const capitalIcons = burgIcons.select("#cities");
-    const capitalLabels = burgLabels.select("#cities");
-    const capitalSize = capitalIcons.attr("size") || 1;
-    const capitalAnchors = anchors.selectAll("#cities");
-    const caSize = capitalAnchors.attr("size") || 2;
-
-    capitalIcons
-      .selectAll("circle")
-      .data(capitals)
-      .enter()
-      .append("circle")
-      .attr("id", d => "burg" + d.i)
-      .attr("data-id", d => d.i)
-      .attr("cx", d => d.x)
-      .attr("cy", d => d.y)
-      .attr("r", capitalSize);
-
-    capitalLabels
-      .selectAll("text")
-      .data(capitals)
-      .enter()
-      .append("text")
-      .attr("id", d => "burgLabel" + d.i)
-      .attr("data-id", d => d.i)
-      .attr("x", d => d.x)
-      .attr("y", d => d.y)
-      .attr("dy", `${capitalSize * -1.5}px`)
-      .text(d => d.name);
-
-    capitalAnchors
-      .selectAll("use")
-      .data(capitals.filter(c => c.port))
-      .enter()
-      .append("use")
-      .attr("xlink:href", "#icon-anchor")
-      .attr("data-id", d => d.i)
-      .attr("x", d => rn(d.x - caSize * 0.47, 2))
-      .attr("y", d => rn(d.y - caSize * 0.47, 2))
-      .attr("width", caSize)
-      .attr("height", caSize);
-
-    // towns
-    const towns = pack.burgs.filter(b => b.i && !b.capital && !b.removed);
-    const townIcons = burgIcons.select("#towns");
-    const townLabels = burgLabels.select("#towns");
-    const townSize = townIcons.attr("size") || 0.5;
-    const townsAnchors = anchors.selectAll("#towns");
-    const taSize = townsAnchors.attr("size") || 1;
-
-    townIcons
-      .selectAll("circle")
-      .data(towns)
-      .enter()
-      .append("circle")
-      .attr("id", d => "burg" + d.i)
-      .attr("data-id", d => d.i)
-      .attr("cx", d => d.x)
-      .attr("cy", d => d.y)
-      .attr("r", townSize);
-
-    townLabels
-      .selectAll("text")
-      .data(towns)
-      .enter()
-      .append("text")
-      .attr("id", d => "burgLabel" + d.i)
-      .attr("data-id", d => d.i)
-      .attr("x", d => d.x)
-      .attr("y", d => d.y)
-      .attr("dy", `${townSize * -1.5}px`)
-      .text(d => d.name);
-
-    townsAnchors
-      .selectAll("use")
-      .data(towns.filter(c => c.port))
-      .enter()
-      .append("use")
-      .attr("xlink:href", "#icon-anchor")
-      .attr("data-id", d => d.i)
-      .attr("x", d => rn(d.x - taSize * 0.47, 2))
-      .attr("y", d => rn(d.y - taSize * 0.47, 2))
-      .attr("width", taSize)
-      .attr("height", taSize);
-
-    TIME && console.timeEnd("drawBurgs");
-  };
-
   // expand cultures across the map (Dijkstra-like algorithm)
   const expandStates = () => {
     TIME && console.time("expandStates");
@@ -468,8 +372,7 @@ window.BurgsAndStates = (() => {
 
   const normalizeStates = () => {
     TIME && console.time("normalizeStates");
-    const cells = pack.cells,
-      burgs = pack.burgs;
+    const {cells, burgs} = pack;
 
     for (const i of cells.i) {
       if (cells.h[i] < 20 || cells.burg[i]) continue; // do not overwrite burgs
@@ -486,26 +389,30 @@ window.BurgsAndStates = (() => {
     TIME && console.timeEnd("normalizeStates");
   };
 
-  // Resets the cultures of all burgs and states to their
-  // cell or center cell's (respectively) culture.
+  // calculate pole of inaccessibility for each state
+  const getPoles = () => {
+    const getType = cellId => pack.cells.state[cellId];
+    const poles = getPolesOfInaccessibility(pack, getType);
+
+    pack.states.forEach(s => {
+      if (!s.i || s.removed) return;
+      s.pole = poles[s.i] || [0, 0];
+    });
+  };
+
+  // Resets the cultures of all burgs and states to their cell or center cell's (respectively) culture
   const updateCultures = () => {
     TIME && console.time("updateCulturesForBurgsAndStates");
 
-    // Assign the culture associated with the burgs cell.
+    // Assign the culture associated with the burgs cell
     pack.burgs = pack.burgs.map((burg, index) => {
-      // Ignore metadata burg
-      if (index === 0) {
-        return burg;
-      }
+      if (index === 0) return burg;
       return {...burg, culture: pack.cells.culture[burg.cell]};
     });
 
-    // Assign the culture associated with the states' center cell.
+    // Assign the culture associated with the states' center cell
     pack.states = pack.states.map((state, index) => {
-      // Ignore neutrals state
-      if (index === 0) {
-        return state;
-      }
+      if (index === 0) return state;
       return {...state, culture: pack.cells.culture[state.center]};
     });
 
@@ -949,253 +856,12 @@ window.BurgsAndStates = (() => {
     return adjName ? `${getAdjective(state.name)} ${state.formName}` : `${state.formName} of ${state.name}`;
   };
 
-  const generateProvinces = (regenerate = false, regenerateInLockedStates = false) => {
-    TIME && console.time("generateProvinces");
-    const localSeed = regenerate ? generateSeed() : seed;
-    Math.random = aleaPRNG(localSeed);
-
-    const {cells, states, burgs} = pack;
-    const provinces = [0];
-    const provinceIds = new Uint16Array(cells.i.length);
-
-    const isProvinceLocked = province => province.lock || (!regenerateInLockedStates && states[province.state]?.lock);
-    const isProvinceCellLocked = cell => provinceIds[cell] && isProvinceLocked(provinces[provinceIds[cell]]);
-
-    if (regenerate) {
-      pack.provinces.forEach(province => {
-        if (!province.i || province.removed || !isProvinceLocked(province)) return;
-
-        const newId = provinces.length;
-        for (const i of cells.i) {
-          if (cells.province[i] === province.i) provinceIds[i] = newId;
-        }
-
-        province.i = newId;
-        provinces.push(province);
-      });
-    }
-
-    const provincesRatio = +byId("provincesRatio").value;
-    const max = provincesRatio == 100 ? 1000 : gauss(20, 5, 5, 100) * provincesRatio ** 0.5; // max growth
-
-    const forms = {
-      Monarchy: {County: 22, Earldom: 6, Shire: 2, Landgrave: 2, Margrave: 2, Barony: 2, Captaincy: 1, Seneschalty: 1},
-      Republic: {Province: 6, Department: 2, Governorate: 2, District: 1, Canton: 1, Prefecture: 1},
-      Theocracy: {Parish: 3, Deanery: 1},
-      Union: {Province: 1, State: 1, Canton: 1, Republic: 1, County: 1, Council: 1},
-      Anarchy: {Council: 1, Commune: 1, Community: 1, Tribe: 1},
-      Wild: {Territory: 10, Land: 5, Region: 2, Tribe: 1, Clan: 1, Dependency: 1, Area: 1}
-    };
-
-    // generate provinces for selected burgs
-    states.forEach(s => {
-      s.provinces = [];
-      if (!s.i || s.removed) return;
-      if (provinces.length) s.provinces = provinces.filter(p => p.state === s.i).map(p => p.i); // locked provinces ids
-      if (s.lock && !regenerateInLockedStates) return; // don't regenerate provinces of a locked state
-
-      const stateBurgs = burgs
-        .filter(b => b.state === s.i && !b.removed && !provinceIds[b.cell])
-        .sort((a, b) => b.population * gauss(1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.5, 3) - a.population)
-        .sort((a, b) => b.capital - a.capital);
-      if (stateBurgs.length < 2) return; // at least 2 provinces are required
-      const provincesNumber = Math.max(Math.ceil((stateBurgs.length * provincesRatio) / 100), 2);
-
-      const form = Object.assign({}, forms[s.form]);
-
-      for (let i = 0; i < provincesNumber; i++) {
-        const provinceId = provinces.length;
-        const center = stateBurgs[i].cell;
-        const burg = stateBurgs[i].i;
-        const c = stateBurgs[i].culture;
-        const nameByBurg = P(0.5);
-        const name = nameByBurg ? stateBurgs[i].name : Names.getState(Names.getCultureShort(c), c);
-        const formName = rw(form);
-        form[formName] += 10;
-        const fullName = name + " " + formName;
-        const color = getMixedColor(s.color);
-        const kinship = nameByBurg ? 0.8 : 0.4;
-        const type = getType(center, burg.port);
-        const coa = COA.generate(stateBurgs[i].coa, kinship, null, type);
-        coa.shield = COA.getShield(c, s.i);
-
-        s.provinces.push(provinceId);
-        provinces.push({i: provinceId, state: s.i, center, burg, name, formName, fullName, color, coa});
-      }
-    });
-
-    // expand generated provinces
-    const queue = new PriorityQueue({comparator: (a, b) => a.p - b.p});
-    const cost = [];
-
-    provinces.forEach(p => {
-      if (!p.i || p.removed || isProvinceLocked(p)) return;
-      provinceIds[p.center] = p.i;
-      queue.queue({e: p.center, p: 0, province: p.i, state: p.state});
-      cost[p.center] = 1;
-    });
-
-    while (queue.length) {
-      const {e, p, province, state} = queue.dequeue();
-
-      cells.c[e].forEach(e => {
-        if (isProvinceCellLocked(e)) return; // do not overwrite cell of locked provinces
-
-        const land = cells.h[e] >= 20;
-        if (!land && !cells.t[e]) return; // cannot pass deep ocean
-        if (land && cells.state[e] !== state) return;
-        const evevation = cells.h[e] >= 70 ? 100 : cells.h[e] >= 50 ? 30 : cells.h[e] >= 20 ? 10 : 100;
-        const totalCost = p + evevation;
-
-        if (totalCost > max) return;
-        if (!cost[e] || totalCost < cost[e]) {
-          if (land) provinceIds[e] = province; // assign province to a cell
-          cost[e] = totalCost;
-          queue.queue({e, p: totalCost, province, state});
-        }
-      });
-    }
-
-    // justify provinces shapes a bit
-    for (const i of cells.i) {
-      if (cells.burg[i]) continue; // do not overwrite burgs
-      if (isProvinceCellLocked(i)) continue; // do not overwrite cell of locked provinces
-
-      const neibs = cells.c[i]
-        .filter(c => cells.state[c] === cells.state[i] && !isProvinceCellLocked(c))
-        .map(c => provinceIds[c]);
-      const adversaries = neibs.filter(c => c !== provinceIds[i]);
-      if (adversaries.length < 2) continue;
-
-      const buddies = neibs.filter(c => c === provinceIds[i]).length;
-      if (buddies.length > 2) continue;
-
-      const competitors = adversaries.map(p => adversaries.reduce((s, v) => (v === p ? s + 1 : s), 0));
-      const max = d3.max(competitors);
-      if (buddies >= max) continue;
-
-      provinceIds[i] = adversaries[competitors.indexOf(max)];
-    }
-
-    // add "wild" provinces if some cells don't have a province assigned
-    const noProvince = Array.from(cells.i).filter(i => cells.state[i] && !provinceIds[i]); // cells without province assigned
-    states.forEach(s => {
-      if (!s.i || s.removed) return;
-      if (s.lock && !regenerateInLockedStates) return;
-      if (!s.provinces.length) return;
-
-      const coreProvinceNames = s.provinces.map(p => provinces[p]?.name);
-      const colonyNamePool = [s.name, ...coreProvinceNames].filter(name => name && !/new/i.test(name));
-      const getColonyName = () => {
-        if (colonyNamePool.length < 1) return null;
-
-        const index = rand(colonyNamePool.length - 1);
-        const spliced = colonyNamePool.splice(index, 1);
-        return spliced[0] ? `New ${spliced[0]}` : null;
-      };
-
-      let stateNoProvince = noProvince.filter(i => cells.state[i] === s.i && !provinceIds[i]);
-      while (stateNoProvince.length) {
-        // add new province
-        const provinceId = provinces.length;
-        const burgCell = stateNoProvince.find(i => cells.burg[i]);
-        const center = burgCell ? burgCell : stateNoProvince[0];
-        const burg = burgCell ? cells.burg[burgCell] : 0;
-        provinceIds[center] = provinceId;
-
-        // expand province
-        const cost = [];
-        cost[center] = 1;
-        queue.queue({e: center, p: 0});
-        while (queue.length) {
-          const {e, p} = queue.dequeue();
-
-          cells.c[e].forEach(nextCellId => {
-            if (provinceIds[nextCellId]) return;
-            const land = cells.h[nextCellId] >= 20;
-            if (cells.state[nextCellId] && cells.state[nextCellId] !== s.i) return;
-            const ter = land ? (cells.state[nextCellId] === s.i ? 3 : 20) : cells.t[nextCellId] ? 10 : 30;
-            const totalCost = p + ter;
-
-            if (totalCost > max) return;
-            if (!cost[nextCellId] || totalCost < cost[nextCellId]) {
-              if (land && cells.state[nextCellId] === s.i) provinceIds[nextCellId] = provinceId; // assign province to a cell
-              cost[nextCellId] = totalCost;
-              queue.queue({e: nextCellId, p: totalCost});
-            }
-          });
-        }
-
-        // generate "wild" province name
-        const c = cells.culture[center];
-        const f = pack.features[cells.f[center]];
-        const color = getMixedColor(s.color);
-
-        const provCells = stateNoProvince.filter(i => provinceIds[i] === provinceId);
-        const singleIsle = provCells.length === f.cells && !provCells.find(i => cells.f[i] !== f.i);
-        const isleGroup = !singleIsle && !provCells.find(i => pack.features[cells.f[i]].group !== "isle");
-        const colony = !singleIsle && !isleGroup && P(0.5) && !isPassable(s.center, center);
-
-        const name = (() => {
-          const colonyName = colony && P(0.8) && getColonyName();
-          if (colonyName) return colonyName;
-          if (burgCell && P(0.5)) return burgs[burg].name;
-          return Names.getState(Names.getCultureShort(c), c);
-        })();
-
-        const formName = (() => {
-          if (singleIsle) return "Island";
-          if (isleGroup) return "Islands";
-          if (colony) return "Colony";
-          return rw(forms["Wild"]);
-        })();
-
-        const fullName = name + " " + formName;
-
-        const dominion = colony ? P(0.95) : singleIsle || isleGroup ? P(0.7) : P(0.3);
-        const kinship = dominion ? 0 : 0.4;
-        const type = getType(center, burgs[burg]?.port);
-        const coa = COA.generate(s.coa, kinship, dominion, type);
-        coa.shield = COA.getShield(c, s.i);
-
-        provinces.push({i: provinceId, state: s.i, center, burg, name, formName, fullName, color, coa});
-        s.provinces.push(provinceId);
-
-        // check if there is a land way within the same state between two cells
-        function isPassable(from, to) {
-          if (cells.f[from] !== cells.f[to]) return false; // on different islands
-          const queue = [from],
-            used = new Uint8Array(cells.i.length),
-            state = cells.state[from];
-          while (queue.length) {
-            const current = queue.pop();
-            if (current === to) return true; // way is found
-            cells.c[current].forEach(c => {
-              if (used[c] || cells.h[c] < 20 || cells.state[c] !== state) return;
-              queue.push(c);
-              used[c] = 1;
-            });
-          }
-          return false; // way is not found
-        }
-
-        // re-check
-        stateNoProvince = noProvince.filter(i => cells.state[i] === s.i && !provinceIds[i]);
-      }
-    });
-
-    cells.province = provinceIds;
-    pack.provinces = provinces;
-
-    TIME && console.timeEnd("generateProvinces");
-  };
-
   return {
     generate,
     expandStates,
     normalizeStates,
+    getPoles,
     assignColors,
-    drawBurgs,
     specifyBurgs,
     defineBurgFeatures,
     getType,
@@ -1205,7 +871,6 @@ window.BurgsAndStates = (() => {
     generateDiplomacy,
     defineStateForms,
     getFullName,
-    generateProvinces,
     updateCultures
   };
 })();
diff --git a/modules/dynamic/auto-update.js b/modules/dynamic/auto-update.js
index a11faa31..d985c6a5 100644
--- a/modules/dynamic/auto-update.js
+++ b/modules/dynamic/auto-update.js
@@ -51,9 +51,8 @@ export function resolveVersionConflicts(mapVersion) {
     BurgsAndStates.generateCampaigns();
     BurgsAndStates.generateDiplomacy();
     BurgsAndStates.defineStateForms();
-    drawStates();
-    BurgsAndStates.generateProvinces();
-    drawBorders();
+    Provinces.generate();
+    Provinces.getPoles();
     if (!layerIsOn("toggleBorders")) $("#borders").fadeOut();
     if (!layerIsOn("toggleStates")) regions.attr("display", "none").selectAll("path").remove();
 
@@ -202,7 +201,9 @@ export function resolveVersionConflicts(mapVersion) {
     defs.select("#water").selectAll("path").remove();
     coastline.selectAll("path").remove();
     lakes.selectAll("path").remove();
-    drawCoastline();
+
+    Features.markupPack();
+    createDefaultRuler();
   }
 
   if (isOlderThan("1.11.0")) {
@@ -940,4 +941,19 @@ export function resolveVersionConflicts(mapVersion) {
     zones.style("display", null).selectAll("*").remove();
     if (layerIsOn("toggleZones")) drawZones();
   }
+
+  if (isOlderThan("1.104.0")) {
+    // v1.104.00 separated pole of inaccessibility detection from layer rendering
+    BurgsAndStates.getPoles();
+    Provinces.getPoles();
+
+    // v1.104.00 removed some layers from initial render
+    viewbox.select("#icons").style("display", null);
+    viewbox.select("#armies").style("display", null);
+    viewbox.select("#ice").style("display", null);
+
+    // v1.104.00 added featurePaths to defs
+    const featurePaths = defs.select("#featurePaths");
+    if (!featurePaths.size()) defs.append("g").attr("id", "featurePaths");
+  }
 }
diff --git a/modules/dynamic/editors/cultures-editor.js b/modules/dynamic/editors/cultures-editor.js
index f4d15528..c6143dc2 100644
--- a/modules/dynamic/editors/cultures-editor.js
+++ b/modules/dynamic/editors/cultures-editor.js
@@ -485,6 +485,7 @@ function applyPopulationChange(oldRural, oldUrban, newRural, newUrban, culture)
     burgs.forEach(b => (b.population = population));
   }
 
+  if (layerIsOn("togglePopulation")) drawPopulation();
   refreshCulturesEditor();
 }
 
diff --git a/modules/dynamic/editors/religions-editor.js b/modules/dynamic/editors/religions-editor.js
index 00bcbc5b..effa90cf 100644
--- a/modules/dynamic/editors/religions-editor.js
+++ b/modules/dynamic/editors/religions-editor.js
@@ -462,6 +462,7 @@ function changePopulation() {
       burgs.forEach(b => (b.population = population));
     }
 
+    if (layerIsOn("togglePopulation")) drawPopulation();
     refreshReligionsEditor();
   }
 }
diff --git a/modules/dynamic/editors/states-editor.js b/modules/dynamic/editors/states-editor.js
index 2e153543..9c4a0299 100644
--- a/modules/dynamic/editors/states-editor.js
+++ b/modules/dynamic/editors/states-editor.js
@@ -543,6 +543,7 @@ function changePopulation(stateId) {
       burgs.forEach(b => (b.population = population));
     }
 
+    if (layerIsOn("togglePopulation")) drawPopulation();
     refreshStatesEditor();
   }
 }
@@ -642,11 +643,11 @@ function stateRemove(stateId) {
   pack.states[stateId] = {i: stateId, removed: true};
 
   debug.selectAll(".highlight").remove();
-  if (!layerIsOn("toggleStates")) toggleStates();
-  else drawStates();
-  if (!layerIsOn("toggleBorders")) toggleBorders();
-  else drawBorders();
+
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleStates")) drawStates();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleBorders")) drawBorders();
   if (layerIsOn("toggleProvinces")) drawProvinces();
+
   refreshStatesEditor();
 }
 
@@ -839,13 +840,15 @@ function recalculateStates(must) {
   if (!must && !statesAutoChange.checked) return;
 
   BurgsAndStates.expandStates();
-  BurgsAndStates.generateProvinces();
-  if (!layerIsOn("toggleStates")) toggleStates();
-  else drawStates();
-  if (!layerIsOn("toggleBorders")) toggleBorders();
-  else drawBorders();
+  Provinces.generate();
+  Provinces.getPoles();
+  BurgsAndStates.getPoles();
+
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleStates")) drawStates();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleBorders")) drawBorders();
   if (layerIsOn("toggleProvinces")) drawProvinces();
   if (adjustLabels.checked) drawStateLabels();
+
   refreshStatesEditor();
 }
 
@@ -981,6 +984,7 @@ function applyStatesManualAssignent() {
 
   if (affectedStates.length) {
     refreshStatesEditor();
+    BurgsAndStates.getPoles();
     layerIsOn("toggleStates") ? drawStates() : toggleStates();
     if (adjustLabels.checked) drawStateLabels([...new Set(affectedStates)]);
     adjustProvinces([...new Set(affectedProvinces)]);
@@ -1415,6 +1419,7 @@ function openStateMergeDialog() {
     unfog();
     debug.selectAll(".highlight").remove();
 
+    BurgsAndStates.getPoles();
     layerIsOn("toggleStates") ? drawStates() : toggleStates();
     layerIsOn("toggleBorders") ? drawBorders() : toggleBorders();
     layerIsOn("toggleProvinces") && drawProvinces();
diff --git a/modules/features.js b/modules/features.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e5b40fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/features.js
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+"use strict";
+
+window.Features = (function () {
+  const DEEPER_LAND = 3;
+  const LANDLOCKED = 2;
+  const LAND_COAST = 1;
+  const UNMARKED = 0;
+  const WATER_COAST = -1;
+  const DEEP_WATER = -2;
+
+  // calculate distance to coast for every cell
+  function markup({distanceField, neighbors, start, increment, limit = INT8_MAX}) {
+    for (let distance = start, marked = Infinity; marked > 0 && distance !== limit; distance += increment) {
+      marked = 0;
+      const prevDistance = distance - increment;
+      for (let cellId = 0; cellId < neighbors.length; cellId++) {
+        if (distanceField[cellId] !== prevDistance) continue;
+
+        for (const neighborId of neighbors[cellId]) {
+          if (distanceField[neighborId] !== UNMARKED) continue;
+          distanceField[neighborId] = distance;
+          marked++;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // mark Grid features (ocean, lakes, islands) and calculate distance field
+  function markupGrid() {
+    TIME && console.time("markupGrid");
+    Math.random = aleaPRNG(seed); // get the same result on heightmap edit in Erase mode
+
+    const {h: heights, c: neighbors, b: borderCells, i} = grid.cells;
+    const cellsNumber = i.length;
+    const distanceField = new Int8Array(cellsNumber); // gird.cells.t
+    const featureIds = new Uint16Array(cellsNumber); // gird.cells.f
+    const features = [0];
+
+    const queue = [0];
+    for (let featureId = 1; queue[0] !== -1; featureId++) {
+      const firstCell = queue[0];
+      featureIds[firstCell] = featureId;
+
+      const land = heights[firstCell] >= 20;
+      let border = false; // set true if feature touches map edge
+
+      while (queue.length) {
+        const cellId = queue.pop();
+        if (!border && borderCells[cellId]) border = true;
+
+        for (const neighborId of neighbors[cellId]) {
+          const isNeibLand = heights[neighborId] >= 20;
+
+          if (land === isNeibLand && featureIds[neighborId] === UNMARKED) {
+            featureIds[neighborId] = featureId;
+            queue.push(neighborId);
+          } else if (land && !isNeibLand) {
+            distanceField[cellId] = LAND_COAST;
+            distanceField[neighborId] = WATER_COAST;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      const type = land ? "island" : border ? "ocean" : "lake";
+      features.push({i: featureId, land, border, type});
+
+      queue[0] = featureIds.findIndex(f => f === UNMARKED); // find unmarked cell
+    }
+
+    // markup deep ocean cells
+    markup({distanceField, neighbors, start: DEEP_WATER, increment: -1, limit: -10});
+
+    grid.cells.t = distanceField;
+    grid.cells.f = featureIds;
+    grid.features = features;
+
+    TIME && console.timeEnd("markupGrid");
+  }
+
+  // mark Pack features (ocean, lakes, islands), calculate distance field and add properties
+  function markupPack() {
+    TIME && console.time("markupPack");
+
+    const {cells, vertices} = pack;
+    const {c: neighbors, b: borderCells, i} = cells;
+    const packCellsNumber = i.length;
+    if (!packCellsNumber) return; // no cells -> there is nothing to do
+
+    const distanceField = new Int8Array(packCellsNumber); // pack.cells.t
+    const featureIds = new Uint16Array(packCellsNumber); // pack.cells.f
+    const haven = createTypedArray({maxValue: packCellsNumber, length: packCellsNumber}); // haven: opposite water cell
+    const harbor = new Uint8Array(packCellsNumber); // harbor: number of adjacent water cells
+    const features = [0];
+
+    const queue = [0];
+    for (let featureId = 1; queue[0] !== -1; featureId++) {
+      const firstCell = queue[0];
+      featureIds[firstCell] = featureId;
+
+      const land = isLand(firstCell);
+      let border = Boolean(borderCells[firstCell]); // true if feature touches map border
+      let totalCells = 1; // count cells in a feature
+
+      while (queue.length) {
+        const cellId = queue.pop();
+        if (borderCells[cellId]) border = true;
+        if (!border && borderCells[cellId]) border = true;
+
+        for (const neighborId of neighbors[cellId]) {
+          const isNeibLand = isLand(neighborId);
+
+          if (land && !isNeibLand) {
+            distanceField[cellId] = LAND_COAST;
+            distanceField[neighborId] = WATER_COAST;
+            if (!haven[cellId]) defineHaven(cellId);
+          } else if (land && isNeibLand) {
+            if (distanceField[neighborId] === UNMARKED && distanceField[cellId] === LAND_COAST)
+              distanceField[neighborId] = LANDLOCKED;
+            else if (distanceField[cellId] === UNMARKED && distanceField[neighborId] === LAND_COAST)
+              distanceField[cellId] = LANDLOCKED;
+          }
+
+          if (!featureIds[neighborId] && land === isNeibLand) {
+            queue.push(neighborId);
+            featureIds[neighborId] = featureId;
+            totalCells++;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      features.push(addFeature({firstCell, land, border, featureId, totalCells}));
+
+      queue[0] = featureIds.findIndex(f => f === UNMARKED); // find unmarked cell
+    }
+
+    markup({distanceField, neighbors, start: DEEPER_LAND, increment: 1}); // markup pack land
+    markup({distanceField, neighbors, start: DEEP_WATER, increment: -1, limit: -10}); // markup pack water
+
+    pack.cells.t = distanceField;
+    pack.cells.f = featureIds;
+    pack.cells.haven = haven;
+    pack.cells.harbor = harbor;
+    pack.features = features;
+
+    TIME && console.timeEnd("markupPack");
+
+    function defineHaven(cellId) {
+      const waterCells = neighbors[cellId].filter(isWater);
+      const distances = waterCells.map(neibCellId => dist2(cells.p[cellId], cells.p[neibCellId]));
+      const closest = distances.indexOf(Math.min.apply(Math, distances));
+
+      haven[cellId] = waterCells[closest];
+      harbor[cellId] = waterCells.length;
+    }
+
+    function addFeature({firstCell, land, border, featureId, totalCells}) {
+      const type = land ? "island" : border ? "ocean" : "lake";
+      const featureVertices = type === "ocean" ? [] : getFeatureVertices(firstCell);
+      const points = clipPoly(featureVertices.map(vertex => vertices.p[vertex]));
+      const area = d3.polygonArea(points); // feature perimiter area
+      const absArea = Math.abs(rn(area));
+
+      const feature = {
+        i: featureId,
+        type,
+        land,
+        border,
+        firstCell,
+        cells: totalCells,
+        vertices: featureVertices,
+        area: absArea
+      };
+
+      if (type === "lake") {
+        if (area > 0) feature.vertices = feature.vertices.reverse();
+        feature.shoreline = unique(feature.vertices.map(vertex => vertices.c[vertex].filter(isLand)).flat());
+        feature.height = Lakes.getHeight(feature);
+      }
+
+      return feature;
+
+      function getFeatureVertices(firstCell) {
+        const getType = cellId => featureIds[cellId];
+        const type = getType(firstCell);
+        const ofSameType = cellId => getType(cellId) === type;
+        const ofDifferentType = cellId => getType(cellId) !== type;
+
+        const isOnBorder = borderCells[firstCell] || neighbors[firstCell].some(ofDifferentType);
+        if (!isOnBorder) throw new Error(`Markup: firstCell ${firstCell} is not on the feature or map border`);
+
+        const startingVertex = cells.v[firstCell].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(ofDifferentType));
+        if (startingVertex === undefined) throw new Error(`Markup: startingVertex for cell ${firstCell} is not found`);
+
+        return connectVertices({vertices, startingVertex, ofSameType, closeRing: false});
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // add properties to pack features
+  function specify() {
+    const gridCellsNumber = grid.cells.i.length;
+    const OCEAN_MIN_SIZE = gridCellsNumber / 25;
+    const SEA_MIN_SIZE = gridCellsNumber / 1000;
+    const CONTINENT_MIN_SIZE = gridCellsNumber / 10;
+    const ISLAND_MIN_SIZE = gridCellsNumber / 1000;
+
+    for (const feature of pack.features) {
+      if (!feature || feature.type === "ocean") continue;
+
+      feature.group = defineGroup(feature);
+
+      if (feature.type === "lake") {
+        feature.height = Lakes.getHeight(feature);
+        feature.name = Lakes.getName(feature);
+      }
+    }
+
+    function defineGroup(feature) {
+      if (feature.type === "island") return defineIslandGroup(feature);
+      if (feature.type === "ocean") return defineOceanGroup();
+      if (feature.type === "lake") return defineLakeGroup(feature);
+      throw new Error(`Markup: unknown feature type ${feature.type}`);
+    }
+
+    function defineOceanGroup(feature) {
+      if (feature.cells > OCEAN_MIN_SIZE) return "ocean";
+      if (feature.cells > SEA_MIN_SIZE) return "sea";
+      return "gulf";
+    }
+
+    function defineIslandGroup(feature) {
+      const prevFeature = pack.features[pack.cells.f[feature.firstCell - 1]];
+      if (prevFeature && prevFeature.type === "lake") return "lake_island";
+      if (feature.cells > CONTINENT_MIN_SIZE) return "continent";
+      if (feature.cells > ISLAND_MIN_SIZE) return "island";
+      return "isle";
+    }
+
+    function defineLakeGroup(feature) {
+      if (feature.temp < -3) return "frozen";
+      if (feature.height > 60 && feature.cells < 10 && feature.firstCell % 10 === 0) return "lava";
+
+      if (!feature.inlets && !feature.outlet) {
+        if (feature.evaporation > feature.flux * 4) return "dry";
+        if (feature.cells < 3 && feature.firstCell % 10 === 0) return "sinkhole";
+      }
+
+      if (!feature.outlet && feature.evaporation > feature.flux) return "salt";
+
+      return "freshwater";
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {markupGrid, markupPack, specify};
+})();
diff --git a/modules/io/export.js b/modules/io/export.js
index 15e2b020..92d31e50 100644
--- a/modules/io/export.js
+++ b/modules/io/export.js
@@ -175,6 +175,7 @@ async function getMapURL(type, options) {
     noWater = false,
     noScaleBar = false,
     noIce = false,
+    noVignette = false,
     fullMap = false
   } = options || {};
 
@@ -199,6 +200,7 @@ async function getMapURL(type, options) {
     clone.select("#oceanPattern").attr("opacity", 0);
   }
   if (noIce) clone.select("#ice")?.remove();
+  if (noVignette) clone.select("#vignette")?.remove();
   if (fullMap) {
     // reset transform to show the whole map
     clone.attr("width", graphWidth).attr("height", graphHeight);
diff --git a/modules/io/load.js b/modules/io/load.js
index c98a3cb5..2c6c06a6 100644
--- a/modules/io/load.js
+++ b/modules/io/load.js
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ async function parseLoadedData(data, mapVersion) {
 
     {
       reGraph();
-      reMarkFeatures();
+      Features.markupPack();
       pack.features = JSON.parse(data[12]);
       pack.cultures = JSON.parse(data[13]);
       pack.states = JSON.parse(data[14]);
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ async function parseLoadedData(data, mapVersion) {
 
       // turn on active layers
       if (hasChild(texture, "image")) turnOn("toggleTexture");
-      if (hasChildren(terrs)) turnOn("toggleHeight");
+      if (hasChildren(terrs.select("#landHeights"))) turnOn("toggleHeight");
       if (hasChildren(biomes)) turnOn("toggleBiomes");
       if (hasChildren(cells)) turnOn("toggleCells");
       if (hasChildren(gridOverlay)) turnOn("toggleGrid");
@@ -434,13 +434,13 @@ async function parseLoadedData(data, mapVersion) {
       if (hasChildren(zones) && isVisible(zones)) turnOn("toggleZones");
       if (isVisible(borders) && hasChild(borders, "path")) turnOn("toggleBorders");
       if (isVisible(routes) && hasChild(routes, "path")) turnOn("toggleRoutes");
-      if (hasChildren(temperature)) turnOn("toggleTemp");
+      if (hasChildren(temperature)) turnOn("toggleTemperature");
       if (hasChild(population, "line")) turnOn("togglePopulation");
       if (hasChildren(ice)) turnOn("toggleIce");
-      if (hasChild(prec, "circle")) turnOn("togglePrec");
+      if (hasChild(prec, "circle")) turnOn("togglePrecipitation");
       if (isVisible(emblems) && hasChild(emblems, "use")) turnOn("toggleEmblems");
       if (isVisible(labels)) turnOn("toggleLabels");
-      if (isVisible(icons)) turnOn("toggleIcons");
+      if (isVisible(icons)) turnOn("toggleBurgIcons");
       if (hasChildren(armies) && isVisible(armies)) turnOn("toggleMilitary");
       if (hasChildren(markers)) turnOn("toggleMarkers");
       if (isVisible(ruler)) turnOn("toggleRulers");
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ async function parseLoadedData(data, mapVersion) {
 
     {
       // dynamically import and run auto-update script
-      const {resolveVersionConflicts} = await import("../dynamic/auto-update.js?v=1.100.00");
+      const {resolveVersionConflicts} = await import("../dynamic/auto-update.js?v=1.104.0");
       resolveVersionConflicts(mapVersion);
     }
 
diff --git a/modules/lakes.js b/modules/lakes.js
index ba6adb80..d95b87a9 100644
--- a/modules/lakes.js
+++ b/modules/lakes.js
@@ -1,98 +1,87 @@
 "use strict";
 
 window.Lakes = (function () {
-  const setClimateData = function (h) {
-    const cells = pack.cells;
-    const lakeOutCells = new Uint16Array(cells.i.length);
+  const LAKE_ELEVATION_DELTA = 0.1;
 
-    pack.features.forEach(f => {
-      if (f.type !== "lake") return;
+  // check if lake can be potentially open (not in deep depression)
+  const detectCloseLakes = h => {
+    const {cells} = pack;
+    const ELEVATION_LIMIT = +byId("lakeElevationLimitOutput").value;
 
-      // default flux: sum of precipitation around lake
-      f.flux = f.shoreline.reduce((acc, c) => acc + grid.cells.prec[cells.g[c]], 0);
+    pack.features.forEach(feature => {
+      if (feature.type !== "lake") return;
+      delete feature.closed;
 
-      // temperature and evaporation to detect closed lakes
-      f.temp =
-        f.cells < 6
-          ? grid.cells.temp[cells.g[f.firstCell]]
-          : rn(d3.mean(f.shoreline.map(c => grid.cells.temp[cells.g[c]])), 1);
-      const height = (f.height - 18) ** heightExponentInput.value; // height in meters
-      const evaporation = ((700 * (f.temp + 0.006 * height)) / 50 + 75) / (80 - f.temp); // based on Penman formula, [1-11]
-      f.evaporation = rn(evaporation * f.cells);
-
-      // no outlet for lakes in depressed areas
-      if (f.closed) return;
-
-      // lake outlet cell
-      f.outCell = f.shoreline[d3.scan(f.shoreline, (a, b) => h[a] - h[b])];
-      lakeOutCells[f.outCell] = f.i;
-    });
-
-    return lakeOutCells;
-  };
-
-  // get array of land cells aroound lake
-  const getShoreline = function (lake) {
-    const uniqueCells = new Set();
-    if (!lake.vertices) lake.vertices = [];
-    lake.vertices.forEach(v => pack.vertices.c[v].forEach(c => pack.cells.h[c] >= 20 && uniqueCells.add(c)));
-    lake.shoreline = [...uniqueCells];
-  };
-
-  const prepareLakeData = h => {
-    const cells = pack.cells;
-    const ELEVATION_LIMIT = +document.getElementById("lakeElevationLimitOutput").value;
-
-    pack.features.forEach(f => {
-      if (f.type !== "lake") return;
-      delete f.flux;
-      delete f.inlets;
-      delete f.outlet;
-      delete f.height;
-      delete f.closed;
-      !f.shoreline && Lakes.getShoreline(f);
-
-      // lake surface height is as lowest land cells around
-      const min = f.shoreline.sort((a, b) => h[a] - h[b])[0];
-      f.height = h[min] - 0.1;
-
-      // check if lake can be open (not in deep depression)
-      if (ELEVATION_LIMIT === 80) {
-        f.closed = false;
+      const MAX_ELEVATION = feature.height + ELEVATION_LIMIT;
+      if (MAX_ELEVATION > 99) {
+        feature.closed = false;
         return;
       }
 
-      let deep = true;
-      const threshold = f.height + ELEVATION_LIMIT;
-      const queue = [min];
+      let isDeep = true;
+      const lowestShorelineCell = feature.shoreline.sort((a, b) => h[a] - h[b])[0];
+      const queue = [lowestShorelineCell];
       const checked = [];
-      checked[min] = true;
+      checked[lowestShorelineCell] = true;
 
-      // check if elevated lake can potentially pour to another water body
-      while (deep && queue.length) {
-        const q = queue.pop();
+      while (queue.length && isDeep) {
+        const cellId = queue.pop();
 
-        for (const n of cells.c[q]) {
-          if (checked[n]) continue;
-          if (h[n] >= threshold) continue;
+        for (const neibCellId of cells.c[cellId]) {
+          if (checked[neibCellId]) continue;
+          if (h[neibCellId] >= MAX_ELEVATION) continue;
 
-          if (h[n] < 20) {
-            const nFeature = pack.features[cells.f[n]];
-            if (nFeature.type === "ocean" || f.height > nFeature.height) {
-              deep = false;
-              break;
-            }
+          if (h[neibCellId] < 20) {
+            const nFeature = pack.features[cells.f[neibCellId]];
+            if (nFeature.type === "ocean" || feature.height > nFeature.height) isDeep = false;
           }
 
-          checked[n] = true;
-          queue.push(n);
+          checked[neibCellId] = true;
+          queue.push(neibCellId);
         }
       }
 
-      f.closed = deep;
+      feature.closed = isDeep;
     });
   };
 
+  const defineClimateData = function (heights) {
+    const {cells, features} = pack;
+    const lakeOutCells = new Uint16Array(cells.i.length);
+
+    features.forEach(feature => {
+      if (feature.type !== "lake") return;
+      feature.flux = getFlux(feature);
+      feature.temp = getLakeTemp(feature);
+      feature.evaporation = getLakeEvaporation(feature);
+      if (feature.closed) return; // no outlet for lakes in depressed areas
+
+      feature.outCell = getLowestShoreCell(feature);
+      lakeOutCells[feature.outCell] = feature.i;
+    });
+
+    return lakeOutCells;
+
+    function getFlux(lake) {
+      return lake.shoreline.reduce((acc, c) => acc + grid.cells.prec[cells.g[c]], 0);
+    }
+
+    function getLakeTemp(lake) {
+      if (lake.cells < 6) return grid.cells.temp[cells.g[lake.firstCell]];
+      return rn(d3.mean(lake.shoreline.map(c => grid.cells.temp[cells.g[c]])), 1);
+    }
+
+    function getLakeEvaporation(lake) {
+      const height = (lake.height - 18) ** heightExponentInput.value; // height in meters
+      const evaporation = ((700 * (lake.temp + 0.006 * height)) / 50 + 75) / (80 - lake.temp); // based on Penman formula, [1-11]
+      return rn(evaporation * lake.cells);
+    }
+
+    function getLowestShoreCell(lake) {
+      return lake.shoreline.sort((a, b) => heights[a] - heights[b])[0];
+    }
+  };
+
   const cleanupLakeData = function () {
     for (const feature of pack.features) {
       if (feature.type !== "lake") continue;
@@ -111,23 +100,10 @@ window.Lakes = (function () {
     }
   };
 
-  const defineGroup = function () {
-    for (const feature of pack.features) {
-      if (feature.type !== "lake") continue;
-      const lakeEl = lakes.select(`[data-f="${feature.i}"]`).node();
-      if (!lakeEl) continue;
-
-      feature.group = getGroup(feature);
-      document.getElementById(feature.group).appendChild(lakeEl);
-    }
-  };
-
-  const generateName = function () {
-    Math.random = aleaPRNG(seed);
-    for (const feature of pack.features) {
-      if (feature.type !== "lake") continue;
-      feature.name = getName(feature);
-    }
+  const getHeight = function (feature) {
+    const heights = pack.cells.h;
+    const minShoreHeight = d3.min(feature.shoreline.map(cellId => heights[cellId])) || 20;
+    return rn(minShoreHeight - LAKE_ELEVATION_DELTA, 2);
   };
 
   const getName = function (feature) {
@@ -136,19 +112,5 @@ window.Lakes = (function () {
     return Names.getCulture(culture);
   };
 
-  function getGroup(feature) {
-    if (feature.temp < -3) return "frozen";
-    if (feature.height > 60 && feature.cells < 10 && feature.firstCell % 10 === 0) return "lava";
-
-    if (!feature.inlets && !feature.outlet) {
-      if (feature.evaporation > feature.flux * 4) return "dry";
-      if (feature.cells < 3 && feature.firstCell % 10 === 0) return "sinkhole";
-    }
-
-    if (!feature.outlet && feature.evaporation > feature.flux) return "salt";
-
-    return "freshwater";
-  }
-
-  return {setClimateData, cleanupLakeData, prepareLakeData, defineGroup, generateName, getName, getShoreline};
+  return {defineClimateData, cleanupLakeData, detectCloseLakes, getHeight, getName};
 })();
diff --git a/modules/military-generator.js b/modules/military-generator.js
index e5aacb4d..61224d69 100644
--- a/modules/military-generator.js
+++ b/modules/military-generator.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 window.Military = (function () {
   const generate = function () {
-    TIME && console.time("generateMilitaryForces");
+    TIME && console.time("generateMilitary");
     const {cells, states} = pack;
     const {p} = cells;
     const valid = states.filter(s => s.i && !s.removed); // valid states
@@ -252,8 +252,6 @@ window.Military = (function () {
       delete s.temp; // do not store temp data
     });
 
-    redraw();
-
     function createRegiments(nodes, s) {
       if (!nodes.length) return [];
 
@@ -312,19 +310,9 @@ window.Military = (function () {
       return regiments;
     }
 
-    TIME && console.timeEnd("generateMilitaryForces");
+    TIME && console.timeEnd("generateMilitary");
   };
 
-  function redraw() {
-    const validStates = pack.states.filter(s => s.i && !s.removed);
-    armies.selectAll("g > g").each(function () {
-      const index = notes.findIndex(n => n.id === this.id);
-      if (index != -1) notes.splice(index, 1);
-    });
-    armies.selectAll("g").remove();
-    validStates.forEach(s => drawRegiments(s.military, s.i));
-  }
-
   const getDefaultOptions = function () {
     return [
       {icon: "⚔️", name: "infantry", rural: 0.25, urban: 0.2, crew: 1, power: 1, type: "melee", separate: 0},
@@ -335,122 +323,6 @@ window.Military = (function () {
     ];
   };
 
-  const drawRegiments = function (regiments, s) {
-    const size = +armies.attr("box-size");
-    const w = d => (d.n ? size * 4 : size * 6);
-    const h = size * 2;
-    const x = d => rn(d.x - w(d) / 2, 2);
-    const y = d => rn(d.y - size, 2);
-
-    const baseColor = pack.states[s].color[0] === "#" ? pack.states[s].color : "#999";
-    const darkerColor = d3.color(baseColor).darker().hex();
-    const army = armies
-      .append("g")
-      .attr("id", "army" + s)
-      .attr("fill", baseColor)
-      .attr("color", darkerColor);
-
-    const g = army
-      .selectAll("g")
-      .data(regiments)
-      .enter()
-      .append("g")
-      .attr("id", d => "regiment" + s + "-" + d.i)
-      .attr("data-name", d => d.name)
-      .attr("data-state", s)
-      .attr("data-id", d => d.i)
-      .attr("transform", d => (d.angle ? `rotate(${d.angle})` : null))
-      .attr("transform-origin", d => `${d.x}px ${d.y}px`);
-    g.append("rect")
-      .attr("x", d => x(d))
-      .attr("y", d => y(d))
-      .attr("width", d => w(d))
-      .attr("height", h);
-    g.append("text")
-      .attr("x", d => d.x)
-      .attr("y", d => d.y)
-      .text(d => getTotal(d));
-    g.append("rect")
-      .attr("fill", "currentColor")
-      .attr("x", d => x(d) - h)
-      .attr("y", d => y(d))
-      .attr("width", h)
-      .attr("height", h);
-    g.append("text")
-      .attr("class", "regimentIcon")
-      .attr("x", d => x(d) - size)
-      .attr("y", d => d.y)
-      .text(d => d.icon);
-  };
-
-  const drawRegiment = function (reg, stateId) {
-    const size = +armies.attr("box-size");
-    const w = reg.n ? size * 4 : size * 6;
-    const h = size * 2;
-    const x1 = rn(reg.x - w / 2, 2);
-    const y1 = rn(reg.y - size, 2);
-
-    let army = armies.select("g#army" + stateId);
-    if (!army.size()) {
-      const baseColor = pack.states[stateId].color[0] === "#" ? pack.states[stateId].color : "#999";
-      const darkerColor = d3.color(baseColor).darker().hex();
-      army = armies
-        .append("g")
-        .attr("id", "army" + stateId)
-        .attr("fill", baseColor)
-        .attr("color", darkerColor);
-    }
-
-    const g = army
-      .append("g")
-      .attr("id", "regiment" + stateId + "-" + reg.i)
-      .attr("data-name", reg.name)
-      .attr("data-state", stateId)
-      .attr("data-id", reg.i)
-      .attr("transform", `rotate(${reg.angle || 0})`)
-      .attr("transform-origin", `${reg.x}px ${reg.y}px`);
-    g.append("rect").attr("x", x1).attr("y", y1).attr("width", w).attr("height", h);
-    g.append("text").attr("x", reg.x).attr("y", reg.y).text(getTotal(reg));
-    g.append("rect")
-      .attr("fill", "currentColor")
-      .attr("x", x1 - h)
-      .attr("y", y1)
-      .attr("width", h)
-      .attr("height", h);
-    g.append("text")
-      .attr("class", "regimentIcon")
-      .attr("x", x1 - size)
-      .attr("y", reg.y)
-      .text(reg.icon);
-  };
-
-  // move one regiment to another
-  const moveRegiment = function (reg, x, y) {
-    const el = armies.select("g#army" + reg.state).select("g#regiment" + reg.state + "-" + reg.i);
-    if (!el.size()) return;
-
-    const duration = Math.hypot(reg.x - x, reg.y - y) * 8;
-    reg.x = x;
-    reg.y = y;
-    const size = +armies.attr("box-size");
-    const w = reg.n ? size * 4 : size * 6;
-    const h = size * 2;
-    const x1 = x => rn(x - w / 2, 2);
-    const y1 = y => rn(y - size, 2);
-
-    const move = d3.transition().duration(duration).ease(d3.easeSinInOut);
-    el.select("rect").transition(move).attr("x", x1(x)).attr("y", y1(y));
-    el.select("text").transition(move).attr("x", x).attr("y", y);
-    el.selectAll("rect:nth-of-type(2)")
-      .transition(move)
-      .attr("x", x1(x) - h)
-      .attr("y", y1(y));
-    el.select(".regimentIcon")
-      .transition(move)
-      .attr("x", x1(x) - size)
-      .attr("y", y);
-  };
-
   // utilize si function to make regiment total text fit regiment box
   const getTotal = reg => (reg.a > (reg.n ? 999 : 99999) ? si(reg.a) : reg.a);
 
@@ -513,13 +385,9 @@ window.Military = (function () {
 
   return {
     generate,
-    redraw,
     getDefaultOptions,
     getName,
     generateNote,
-    drawRegiments,
-    drawRegiment,
-    moveRegiment,
     getTotal,
     getEmblem
   };
diff --git a/modules/provinces-generator.js b/modules/provinces-generator.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8563f682
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/provinces-generator.js
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+"use strict";
+
+window.Provinces = (function () {
+  const forms = {
+    Monarchy: {County: 22, Earldom: 6, Shire: 2, Landgrave: 2, Margrave: 2, Barony: 2, Captaincy: 1, Seneschalty: 1},
+    Republic: {Province: 6, Department: 2, Governorate: 2, District: 1, Canton: 1, Prefecture: 1},
+    Theocracy: {Parish: 3, Deanery: 1},
+    Union: {Province: 1, State: 1, Canton: 1, Republic: 1, County: 1, Council: 1},
+    Anarchy: {Council: 1, Commune: 1, Community: 1, Tribe: 1},
+    Wild: {Territory: 10, Land: 5, Region: 2, Tribe: 1, Clan: 1, Dependency: 1, Area: 1}
+  };
+
+  const generate = (regenerate = false, regenerateLockedStates = false) => {
+    TIME && console.time("generateProvinces");
+    const localSeed = regenerate ? generateSeed() : seed;
+    Math.random = aleaPRNG(localSeed);
+
+    const {cells, states, burgs} = pack;
+    const provinces = [0]; // 0 index is reserved for "no province"
+    const provinceIds = new Uint16Array(cells.i.length);
+
+    const isProvinceLocked = province => province.lock || (!regenerateLockedStates && states[province.state]?.lock);
+    const isProvinceCellLocked = cell => provinceIds[cell] && isProvinceLocked(provinces[provinceIds[cell]]);
+
+    if (regenerate) {
+      pack.provinces.forEach(province => {
+        if (!province.i || province.removed || !isProvinceLocked(province)) return;
+
+        const newId = provinces.length;
+        for (const i of cells.i) {
+          if (cells.province[i] === province.i) provinceIds[i] = newId;
+        }
+
+        province.i = newId;
+        provinces.push(province);
+      });
+    }
+
+    const provincesRatio = +byId("provincesRatio").value;
+    const max = provincesRatio == 100 ? 1000 : gauss(20, 5, 5, 100) * provincesRatio ** 0.5; // max growth
+
+    // generate provinces for selected burgs
+    states.forEach(s => {
+      s.provinces = [];
+      if (!s.i || s.removed) return;
+      if (provinces.length) s.provinces = provinces.filter(p => p.state === s.i).map(p => p.i); // locked provinces ids
+      if (s.lock && !regenerateLockedStates) return; // don't regenerate provinces of a locked state
+
+      const stateBurgs = burgs
+        .filter(b => b.state === s.i && !b.removed && !provinceIds[b.cell])
+        .sort((a, b) => b.population * gauss(1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.5, 3) - a.population)
+        .sort((a, b) => b.capital - a.capital);
+      if (stateBurgs.length < 2) return; // at least 2 provinces are required
+      const provincesNumber = Math.max(Math.ceil((stateBurgs.length * provincesRatio) / 100), 2);
+
+      const form = Object.assign({}, forms[s.form]);
+
+      for (let i = 0; i < provincesNumber; i++) {
+        const provinceId = provinces.length;
+        const center = stateBurgs[i].cell;
+        const burg = stateBurgs[i].i;
+        const c = stateBurgs[i].culture;
+        const nameByBurg = P(0.5);
+        const name = nameByBurg ? stateBurgs[i].name : Names.getState(Names.getCultureShort(c), c);
+        const formName = rw(form);
+        form[formName] += 10;
+        const fullName = name + " " + formName;
+        const color = getMixedColor(s.color);
+        const kinship = nameByBurg ? 0.8 : 0.4;
+        const type = BurgsAndStates.getType(center, burg.port);
+        const coa = COA.generate(stateBurgs[i].coa, kinship, null, type);
+        coa.shield = COA.getShield(c, s.i);
+
+        s.provinces.push(provinceId);
+        provinces.push({i: provinceId, state: s.i, center, burg, name, formName, fullName, color, coa});
+      }
+    });
+
+    // expand generated provinces
+    const queue = new PriorityQueue({comparator: (a, b) => a.p - b.p});
+    const cost = [];
+
+    provinces.forEach(p => {
+      if (!p.i || p.removed || isProvinceLocked(p)) return;
+      provinceIds[p.center] = p.i;
+      queue.queue({e: p.center, p: 0, province: p.i, state: p.state});
+      cost[p.center] = 1;
+    });
+
+    while (queue.length) {
+      const {e, p, province, state} = queue.dequeue();
+
+      cells.c[e].forEach(e => {
+        if (isProvinceCellLocked(e)) return; // do not overwrite cell of locked provinces
+
+        const land = cells.h[e] >= 20;
+        if (!land && !cells.t[e]) return; // cannot pass deep ocean
+        if (land && cells.state[e] !== state) return;
+        const evevation = cells.h[e] >= 70 ? 100 : cells.h[e] >= 50 ? 30 : cells.h[e] >= 20 ? 10 : 100;
+        const totalCost = p + evevation;
+
+        if (totalCost > max) return;
+        if (!cost[e] || totalCost < cost[e]) {
+          if (land) provinceIds[e] = province; // assign province to a cell
+          cost[e] = totalCost;
+          queue.queue({e, p: totalCost, province, state});
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // justify provinces shapes a bit
+    for (const i of cells.i) {
+      if (cells.burg[i]) continue; // do not overwrite burgs
+      if (isProvinceCellLocked(i)) continue; // do not overwrite cell of locked provinces
+
+      const neibs = cells.c[i]
+        .filter(c => cells.state[c] === cells.state[i] && !isProvinceCellLocked(c))
+        .map(c => provinceIds[c]);
+      const adversaries = neibs.filter(c => c !== provinceIds[i]);
+      if (adversaries.length < 2) continue;
+
+      const buddies = neibs.filter(c => c === provinceIds[i]).length;
+      if (buddies.length > 2) continue;
+
+      const competitors = adversaries.map(p => adversaries.reduce((s, v) => (v === p ? s + 1 : s), 0));
+      const max = d3.max(competitors);
+      if (buddies >= max) continue;
+
+      provinceIds[i] = adversaries[competitors.indexOf(max)];
+    }
+
+    // add "wild" provinces if some cells don't have a province assigned
+    const noProvince = Array.from(cells.i).filter(i => cells.state[i] && !provinceIds[i]); // cells without province assigned
+    states.forEach(s => {
+      if (!s.i || s.removed) return;
+      if (s.lock && !regenerateLockedStates) return;
+      if (!s.provinces.length) return;
+
+      const coreProvinceNames = s.provinces.map(p => provinces[p]?.name);
+      const colonyNamePool = [s.name, ...coreProvinceNames].filter(name => name && !/new/i.test(name));
+      const getColonyName = () => {
+        if (colonyNamePool.length < 1) return null;
+
+        const index = rand(colonyNamePool.length - 1);
+        const spliced = colonyNamePool.splice(index, 1);
+        return spliced[0] ? `New ${spliced[0]}` : null;
+      };
+
+      let stateNoProvince = noProvince.filter(i => cells.state[i] === s.i && !provinceIds[i]);
+      while (stateNoProvince.length) {
+        // add new province
+        const provinceId = provinces.length;
+        const burgCell = stateNoProvince.find(i => cells.burg[i]);
+        const center = burgCell ? burgCell : stateNoProvince[0];
+        const burg = burgCell ? cells.burg[burgCell] : 0;
+        provinceIds[center] = provinceId;
+
+        // expand province
+        const cost = [];
+        cost[center] = 1;
+        queue.queue({e: center, p: 0});
+        while (queue.length) {
+          const {e, p} = queue.dequeue();
+
+          cells.c[e].forEach(nextCellId => {
+            if (provinceIds[nextCellId]) return;
+            const land = cells.h[nextCellId] >= 20;
+            if (cells.state[nextCellId] && cells.state[nextCellId] !== s.i) return;
+            const ter = land ? (cells.state[nextCellId] === s.i ? 3 : 20) : cells.t[nextCellId] ? 10 : 30;
+            const totalCost = p + ter;
+
+            if (totalCost > max) return;
+            if (!cost[nextCellId] || totalCost < cost[nextCellId]) {
+              if (land && cells.state[nextCellId] === s.i) provinceIds[nextCellId] = provinceId; // assign province to a cell
+              cost[nextCellId] = totalCost;
+              queue.queue({e: nextCellId, p: totalCost});
+            }
+          });
+        }
+
+        // generate "wild" province name
+        const c = cells.culture[center];
+        const f = pack.features[cells.f[center]];
+        const color = getMixedColor(s.color);
+
+        const provCells = stateNoProvince.filter(i => provinceIds[i] === provinceId);
+        const singleIsle = provCells.length === f.cells && !provCells.find(i => cells.f[i] !== f.i);
+        const isleGroup = !singleIsle && !provCells.find(i => pack.features[cells.f[i]].group !== "isle");
+        const colony = !singleIsle && !isleGroup && P(0.5) && !isPassable(s.center, center);
+
+        const name = (() => {
+          const colonyName = colony && P(0.8) && getColonyName();
+          if (colonyName) return colonyName;
+          if (burgCell && P(0.5)) return burgs[burg].name;
+          return Names.getState(Names.getCultureShort(c), c);
+        })();
+
+        const formName = (() => {
+          if (singleIsle) return "Island";
+          if (isleGroup) return "Islands";
+          if (colony) return "Colony";
+          return rw(forms["Wild"]);
+        })();
+
+        const fullName = name + " " + formName;
+
+        const dominion = colony ? P(0.95) : singleIsle || isleGroup ? P(0.7) : P(0.3);
+        const kinship = dominion ? 0 : 0.4;
+        const type = BurgsAndStates.getType(center, burgs[burg]?.port);
+        const coa = COA.generate(s.coa, kinship, dominion, type);
+        coa.shield = COA.getShield(c, s.i);
+
+        provinces.push({i: provinceId, state: s.i, center, burg, name, formName, fullName, color, coa});
+        s.provinces.push(provinceId);
+
+        // check if there is a land way within the same state between two cells
+        function isPassable(from, to) {
+          if (cells.f[from] !== cells.f[to]) return false; // on different islands
+          const queue = [from],
+            used = new Uint8Array(cells.i.length),
+            state = cells.state[from];
+          while (queue.length) {
+            const current = queue.pop();
+            if (current === to) return true; // way is found
+            cells.c[current].forEach(c => {
+              if (used[c] || cells.h[c] < 20 || cells.state[c] !== state) return;
+              queue.push(c);
+              used[c] = 1;
+            });
+          }
+          return false; // way is not found
+        }
+
+        // re-check
+        stateNoProvince = noProvince.filter(i => cells.state[i] === s.i && !provinceIds[i]);
+      }
+    });
+
+    cells.province = provinceIds;
+    pack.provinces = provinces;
+
+    TIME && console.timeEnd("generateProvinces");
+  };
+
+  // calculate pole of inaccessibility for each province
+  const getPoles = () => {
+    const getType = cellId => pack.cells.province[cellId];
+    const poles = getPolesOfInaccessibility(pack, getType);
+
+    pack.provinces.forEach(province => {
+      if (!province.i || province.removed) return;
+      province.pole = poles[province.i] || [0, 0];
+    });
+  };
+
+  return {generate, getPoles};
+})();
diff --git a/modules/renderers/draw-borders.js b/modules/renderers/draw-borders.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0f3006e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/renderers/draw-borders.js
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+"use strict";
+
+function drawBorders() {
+  TIME && console.time("drawBorders");
+  const {cells, vertices} = pack;
+
+  const statePath = [];
+  const provincePath = [];
+  const checked = {};
+
+  const isLand = cellId => cells.h[cellId] >= 20;
+
+  for (let cellId = 0; cellId < cells.i.length; cellId++) {
+    if (!cells.state[cellId]) continue;
+    const provinceId = cells.province[cellId];
+    const stateId = cells.state[cellId];
+
+    // bordering cell of another province
+    if (provinceId) {
+      const provToCell = cells.c[cellId].find(neibId => {
+        const neibProvinceId = cells.province[neibId];
+        return (
+          neibProvinceId &&
+          provinceId > neibProvinceId &&
+          !checked[`prov-${provinceId}-${neibProvinceId}-${cellId}`] &&
+          cells.state[neibId] === stateId
+        );
+      });
+
+      if (provToCell !== undefined) {
+        const addToChecked = cellId => (checked[`prov-${provinceId}-${cells.province[provToCell]}-${cellId}`] = true);
+        const border = getBorder({type: "province", fromCell: cellId, toCell: provToCell, addToChecked});
+
+        if (border) {
+          provincePath.push(border);
+          cellId--; // check the same cell again
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // if cell is on state border
+    const stateToCell = cells.c[cellId].find(neibId => {
+      const neibStateId = cells.state[neibId];
+      return isLand(neibId) && stateId > neibStateId && !checked[`state-${stateId}-${neibStateId}-${cellId}`];
+    });
+
+    if (stateToCell !== undefined) {
+      const addToChecked = cellId => (checked[`state-${stateId}-${cells.state[stateToCell]}-${cellId}`] = true);
+      const border = getBorder({type: "state", fromCell: cellId, toCell: stateToCell, addToChecked});
+
+      if (border) {
+        statePath.push(border);
+        cellId--; // check the same cell again
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  svg.select("#borders").selectAll("path").remove();
+  svg.select("#stateBorders").append("path").attr("d", statePath.join(" "));
+  svg.select("#provinceBorders").append("path").attr("d", provincePath.join(" "));
+
+  function getBorder({type, fromCell, toCell, addToChecked}) {
+    const getType = cellId => cells[type][cellId];
+    const isTypeFrom = cellId => cellId < cells.i.length && getType(cellId) === getType(fromCell);
+    const isTypeTo = cellId => cellId < cells.i.length && getType(cellId) === getType(toCell);
+
+    addToChecked(fromCell);
+    const startingVertex = cells.v[fromCell].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(i => isLand(i) && isTypeTo(i)));
+    if (startingVertex === undefined) return null;
+
+    const checkVertex = vertex =>
+      vertices.c[vertex].some(isTypeFrom) && vertices.c[vertex].some(c => isLand(c) && isTypeTo(c));
+    const chain = getVerticesLine({vertices, startingVertex, checkCell: isTypeFrom, checkVertex, addToChecked});
+    if (chain.length > 1) return "M" + chain.map(cellId => vertices.p[cellId]).join(" ");
+
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  // connect vertices to chain to form a border
+  function getVerticesLine({vertices, startingVertex, checkCell, checkVertex, addToChecked}) {
+    let chain = []; // vertices chain to form a path
+    let next = startingVertex;
+    const MAX_ITERATIONS = vertices.c.length;
+
+    for (let run = 0; run < 2; run++) {
+      // first run: from any vertex to a border edge
+      // second run: from found border edge to another edge
+      chain = [];
+
+      for (let i = 0; i < MAX_ITERATIONS; i++) {
+        const previous = chain.at(-1);
+        const current = next;
+        chain.push(current);
+
+        const neibCells = vertices.c[current];
+        neibCells.map(addToChecked);
+
+        const [c1, c2, c3] = neibCells.map(checkCell);
+        const [v1, v2, v3] = vertices.v[current].map(checkVertex);
+        const [vertex1, vertex2, vertex3] = vertices.v[current];
+
+        if (v1 && vertex1 !== previous && c1 !== c2) next = vertex1;
+        else if (v2 && vertex2 !== previous && c2 !== c3) next = vertex2;
+        else if (v3 && vertex3 !== previous && c1 !== c3) next = vertex3;
+
+        if (next === current || next === startingVertex) {
+          if (next === startingVertex) chain.push(startingVertex);
+          startingVertex = next;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return chain;
+  }
+
+  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawBorders");
+}
diff --git a/modules/renderers/draw-burg-icons.js b/modules/renderers/draw-burg-icons.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e11bf3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/renderers/draw-burg-icons.js
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+"use strict";
+
+function drawBurgIcons() {
+  TIME && console.time("drawBurgIcons");
+
+  icons.selectAll("circle, use").remove(); // cleanup
+
+  // capitals
+  const capitals = pack.burgs.filter(b => b.capital && !b.removed);
+  const capitalIcons = burgIcons.select("#cities");
+  const capitalSize = capitalIcons.attr("size") || 1;
+  const capitalAnchors = anchors.selectAll("#cities");
+  const capitalAnchorsSize = capitalAnchors.attr("size") || 2;
+
+  capitalIcons
+    .selectAll("circle")
+    .data(capitals)
+    .enter()
+    .append("circle")
+    .attr("id", d => "burg" + d.i)
+    .attr("data-id", d => d.i)
+    .attr("cx", d => d.x)
+    .attr("cy", d => d.y)
+    .attr("r", capitalSize);
+
+  capitalAnchors
+    .selectAll("use")
+    .data(capitals.filter(c => c.port))
+    .enter()
+    .append("use")
+    .attr("xlink:href", "#icon-anchor")
+    .attr("data-id", d => d.i)
+    .attr("x", d => rn(d.x - capitalAnchorsSize * 0.47, 2))
+    .attr("y", d => rn(d.y - capitalAnchorsSize * 0.47, 2))
+    .attr("width", capitalAnchorsSize)
+    .attr("height", capitalAnchorsSize);
+
+  // towns
+  const towns = pack.burgs.filter(b => b.i && !b.capital && !b.removed);
+  const townIcons = burgIcons.select("#towns");
+  const townSize = townIcons.attr("size") || 0.5;
+  const townsAnchors = anchors.selectAll("#towns");
+  const townsAnchorsSize = townsAnchors.attr("size") || 1;
+
+  townIcons
+    .selectAll("circle")
+    .data(towns)
+    .enter()
+    .append("circle")
+    .attr("id", d => "burg" + d.i)
+    .attr("data-id", d => d.i)
+    .attr("cx", d => d.x)
+    .attr("cy", d => d.y)
+    .attr("r", townSize);
+
+  townsAnchors
+    .selectAll("use")
+    .data(towns.filter(c => c.port))
+    .enter()
+    .append("use")
+    .attr("xlink:href", "#icon-anchor")
+    .attr("data-id", d => d.i)
+    .attr("x", d => rn(d.x - townsAnchorsSize * 0.47, 2))
+    .attr("y", d => rn(d.y - townsAnchorsSize * 0.47, 2))
+    .attr("width", townsAnchorsSize)
+    .attr("height", townsAnchorsSize);
+
+  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawBurgIcons");
+}
diff --git a/modules/renderers/draw-burg-labels.js b/modules/renderers/draw-burg-labels.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d887b9ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/renderers/draw-burg-labels.js
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+"use strict";
+
+function drawBurgLabels() {
+  TIME && console.time("drawBurgLabels");
+
+  burgLabels.selectAll("text").remove(); // cleanup
+
+  const capitals = pack.burgs.filter(b => b.capital && !b.removed);
+  const capitalSize = burgIcons.select("#cities").attr("size") || 1;
+  burgLabels
+    .select("#cities")
+    .selectAll("text")
+    .data(capitals)
+    .enter()
+    .append("text")
+    .attr("id", d => "burgLabel" + d.i)
+    .attr("data-id", d => d.i)
+    .attr("x", d => d.x)
+    .attr("y", d => d.y)
+    .attr("dy", `${capitalSize * -1.5}px`)
+    .text(d => d.name);
+
+  const towns = pack.burgs.filter(b => b.i && !b.capital && !b.removed);
+  const townSize = burgIcons.select("#towns").attr("size") || 0.5;
+  burgLabels
+    .select("#towns")
+    .selectAll("text")
+    .data(towns)
+    .enter()
+    .append("text")
+    .attr("id", d => "burgLabel" + d.i)
+    .attr("data-id", d => d.i)
+    .attr("x", d => d.x)
+    .attr("y", d => d.y)
+    .attr("dy", `${townSize * -2}px`)
+    .text(d => d.name);
+
+  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawBurgLabels");
+}
diff --git a/modules/renderers/draw-emblems.js b/modules/renderers/draw-emblems.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13781239
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/renderers/draw-emblems.js
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+"use strict";
+
+function drawEmblems() {
+  TIME && console.time("drawEmblems");
+  const {states, provinces, burgs} = pack;
+
+  const validStates = states.filter(s => s.i && !s.removed && s.coa && s.coa.size !== 0);
+  const validProvinces = provinces.filter(p => p.i && !p.removed && p.coa && p.coa.size !== 0);
+  const validBurgs = burgs.filter(b => b.i && !b.removed && b.coa && b.coa.size !== 0);
+
+  const getStateEmblemsSize = () => {
+    const startSize = minmax((graphHeight + graphWidth) / 40, 10, 100);
+    const statesMod = 1 + validStates.length / 100 - (15 - validStates.length) / 200; // states number modifier
+    const sizeMod = +emblems.select("#stateEmblems").attr("data-size") || 1;
+    return rn((startSize / statesMod) * sizeMod); // target size ~50px on 1536x754 map with 15 states
+  };
+
+  const getProvinceEmblemsSize = () => {
+    const startSize = minmax((graphHeight + graphWidth) / 100, 5, 70);
+    const provincesMod = 1 + validProvinces.length / 1000 - (115 - validProvinces.length) / 1000; // states number modifier
+    const sizeMod = +emblems.select("#provinceEmblems").attr("data-size") || 1;
+    return rn((startSize / provincesMod) * sizeMod); // target size ~20px on 1536x754 map with 115 provinces
+  };
+
+  const getBurgEmblemSize = () => {
+    const startSize = minmax((graphHeight + graphWidth) / 185, 2, 50);
+    const burgsMod = 1 + validBurgs.length / 1000 - (450 - validBurgs.length) / 1000; // states number modifier
+    const sizeMod = +emblems.select("#burgEmblems").attr("data-size") || 1;
+    return rn((startSize / burgsMod) * sizeMod); // target size ~8.5px on 1536x754 map with 450 burgs
+  };
+
+  const sizeBurgs = getBurgEmblemSize();
+  const burgCOAs = validBurgs.map(burg => {
+    const {x, y} = burg;
+    const size = burg.coa.size || 1;
+    const shift = (sizeBurgs * size) / 2;
+    return {type: "burg", i: burg.i, x: burg.coa.x || x, y: burg.coa.y || y, size, shift};
+  });
+
+  const sizeProvinces = getProvinceEmblemsSize();
+  const provinceCOAs = validProvinces.map(province => {
+    const [x, y] = province.pole || pack.cells.p[province.center];
+    const size = province.coa.size || 1;
+    const shift = (sizeProvinces * size) / 2;
+    return {type: "province", i: province.i, x: province.coa.x || x, y: province.coa.y || y, size, shift};
+  });
+
+  const sizeStates = getStateEmblemsSize();
+  const stateCOAs = validStates.map(state => {
+    const [x, y] = state.pole || pack.cells.p[state.center];
+    const size = state.coa.size || 1;
+    const shift = (sizeStates * size) / 2;
+    return {type: "state", i: state.i, x: state.coa.x || x, y: state.coa.y || y, size, shift};
+  });
+
+  const nodes = burgCOAs.concat(provinceCOAs).concat(stateCOAs);
+  const simulation = d3
+    .forceSimulation(nodes)
+    .alphaMin(0.6)
+    .alphaDecay(0.2)
+    .velocityDecay(0.6)
+    .force(
+      "collision",
+      d3.forceCollide().radius(d => d.shift)
+    )
+    .stop();
+
+  d3.timeout(function () {
+    const n = Math.ceil(Math.log(simulation.alphaMin()) / Math.log(1 - simulation.alphaDecay()));
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+      simulation.tick();
+    }
+
+    const burgNodes = nodes.filter(node => node.type === "burg");
+    const burgString = burgNodes
+      .map(
+        d =>
+          `<use data-i="${d.i}" x="${rn(d.x - d.shift)}" y="${rn(d.y - d.shift)}" width="${d.size}em" height="${
+            d.size
+          }em"/>`
+      )
+      .join("");
+    emblems.select("#burgEmblems").attr("font-size", sizeBurgs).html(burgString);
+
+    const provinceNodes = nodes.filter(node => node.type === "province");
+    const provinceString = provinceNodes
+      .map(
+        d =>
+          `<use data-i="${d.i}" x="${rn(d.x - d.shift)}" y="${rn(d.y - d.shift)}" width="${d.size}em" height="${
+            d.size
+          }em"/>`
+      )
+      .join("");
+    emblems.select("#provinceEmblems").attr("font-size", sizeProvinces).html(provinceString);
+
+    const stateNodes = nodes.filter(node => node.type === "state");
+    const stateString = stateNodes
+      .map(
+        d =>
+          `<use data-i="${d.i}" x="${rn(d.x - d.shift)}" y="${rn(d.y - d.shift)}" width="${d.size}em" height="${
+            d.size
+          }em"/>`
+      )
+      .join("");
+    emblems.select("#stateEmblems").attr("font-size", sizeStates).html(stateString);
+
+    invokeActiveZooming();
+  });
+
+  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawEmblems");
+}
+
+const getDataAndType = id => {
+  if (id === "burgEmblems") return [pack.burgs, "burg"];
+  if (id === "provinceEmblems") return [pack.provinces, "province"];
+  if (id === "stateEmblems") return [pack.states, "state"];
+  throw new Error(`Unknown emblem type: ${id}`);
+};
+
+async function renderGroupCOAs(g) {
+  const [data, type] = getDataAndType(g.id);
+
+  for (let use of g.children) {
+    const i = +use.dataset.i;
+    const id = type + "COA" + i;
+    COArenderer.trigger(id, data[i].coa);
+    use.setAttribute("href", "#" + id);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/modules/renderers/draw-features.js b/modules/renderers/draw-features.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0221a1c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/renderers/draw-features.js
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+"use strict";
+
+function drawFeatures() {
+  TIME && console.time("drawFeatures");
+  const featurePaths = defs.select("#featurePaths");
+  const landMask = defs.select("#land");
+  const waterMask = defs.select("#water");
+
+  for (const feature of pack.features) {
+    if (!feature || feature.type === "ocean") continue;
+
+    featurePaths
+      .append("path")
+      .attr("d", getFeaturePath(feature))
+      .attr("id", "feature_" + feature.i)
+      .attr("data-f", feature.i);
+
+    if (feature.type === "lake") {
+      landMask
+        .append("use")
+        .attr("href", "#feature_" + feature.i)
+        .attr("data-f", feature.i)
+        .attr("fill", "black");
+      lakes
+        .select(`#${feature.group}`)
+        .append("use")
+        .attr("href", "#feature_" + feature.i)
+        .attr("data-f", feature.i);
+    } else {
+      landMask
+        .append("use")
+        .attr("href", "#feature_" + feature.i)
+        .attr("data-f", feature.i)
+        .attr("fill", "white");
+      waterMask
+        .append("use")
+        .attr("href", "#feature_" + feature.i)
+        .attr("data-f", feature.i)
+        .attr("fill", "black");
+      const coastlineGroup = feature.group === "lake_island" ? "#lake_island" : "#sea_island";
+      coastline
+        .select(coastlineGroup)
+        .append("use")
+        .attr("href", "#feature_" + feature.i)
+        .attr("data-f", feature.i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawFeatures");
+}
+
+function getFeaturePath(feature) {
+  const points = feature.vertices.map(vertex => pack.vertices.p[vertex]);
+  const simplifiedPoints = simplify(points, 0.3);
+  const clippedPoints = clipPoly(simplifiedPoints, 1);
+
+  const lineGen = d3.line().curve(d3.curveBasisClosed);
+  const path = round(lineGen(clippedPoints));
+
+  return path;
+}
diff --git a/modules/renderers/draw-heightmap.js b/modules/renderers/draw-heightmap.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cefed230
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/renderers/draw-heightmap.js
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+"use strict";
+
+function drawHeightmap() {
+  TIME && console.time("drawHeightmap");
+
+  const ocean = terrs.select("#oceanHeights");
+  const land = terrs.select("#landHeights");
+
+  ocean.selectAll("*").remove();
+  land.selectAll("*").remove();
+
+  const paths = new Array(101);
+  const {cells, vertices} = grid;
+  const used = new Uint8Array(cells.i.length);
+  const heights = Array.from(cells.i).sort((a, b) => cells.h[a] - cells.h[b]);
+
+  // ocean cells
+  const renderOceanCells = Boolean(+ocean.attr("data-render"));
+  if (renderOceanCells) {
+    const skip = +ocean.attr("skip") + 1 || 1;
+    const relax = +ocean.attr("relax") || 0;
+    lineGen.curve(d3[ocean.attr("curve") || "curveBasisClosed"]);
+
+    let currentLayer = 0;
+    for (const i of heights) {
+      const h = cells.h[i];
+      if (h > currentLayer) currentLayer += skip;
+      if (h < currentLayer) continue;
+      if (currentLayer >= 20) break;
+      if (used[i]) continue; // already marked
+      const onborder = cells.c[i].some(n => cells.h[n] < h);
+      if (!onborder) continue;
+      const vertex = cells.v[i].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(i => cells.h[i] < h));
+      const chain = connectVertices(cells, vertices, vertex, h, used);
+      if (chain.length < 3) continue;
+      const points = simplifyLine(chain, relax).map(v => vertices.p[v]);
+      if (!paths[h]) paths[h] = "";
+      paths[h] += round(lineGen(points));
+    }
+  }
+
+  // land cells
+  {
+    const skip = +land.attr("skip") + 1 || 1;
+    const relax = +land.attr("relax") || 0;
+    lineGen.curve(d3[land.attr("curve") || "curveBasisClosed"]);
+
+    let currentLayer = 20;
+    for (const i of heights) {
+      const h = cells.h[i];
+      if (h > currentLayer) currentLayer += skip;
+      if (h < currentLayer) continue;
+      if (currentLayer > 100) break; // no layers possible with height > 100
+      if (used[i]) continue; // already marked
+      const onborder = cells.c[i].some(n => cells.h[n] < h);
+      if (!onborder) continue;
+
+      const startVertex = cells.v[i].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(i => cells.h[i] < h));
+      const chain = connectVertices(cells, vertices, startVertex, h, used);
+      if (chain.length < 3) continue;
+
+      const points = simplifyLine(chain, relax).map(v => vertices.p[v]);
+      if (!paths[h]) paths[h] = "";
+      paths[h] += round(lineGen(points));
+    }
+  }
+
+  // render paths
+  for (const height of d3.range(0, 101)) {
+    const group = height < 20 ? ocean : land;
+    const scheme = getColorScheme(group.attr("scheme"));
+
+    if (height === 0 && renderOceanCells) {
+      // draw base ocean layer
+      group
+        .append("rect")
+        .attr("x", 0)
+        .attr("y", 0)
+        .attr("width", graphWidth)
+        .attr("height", graphHeight)
+        .attr("fill", scheme(1));
+    }
+
+    if (height === 20) {
+      // draw base land layer
+      group
+        .append("rect")
+        .attr("x", 0)
+        .attr("y", 0)
+        .attr("width", graphWidth)
+        .attr("height", graphHeight)
+        .attr("fill", scheme(0.8));
+    }
+
+    if (paths[height] && paths[height].length >= 10) {
+      const terracing = group.attr("terracing") / 10 || 0;
+      const color = getColor(height, scheme);
+
+      if (terracing) {
+        group
+          .append("path")
+          .attr("d", paths[height])
+          .attr("transform", "translate(.7,1.4)")
+          .attr("fill", d3.color(color).darker(terracing))
+          .attr("data-height", height);
+      }
+      group.append("path").attr("d", paths[height]).attr("fill", color).attr("data-height", height);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // connect vertices to chain: specific case for heightmap
+  function connectVertices(cells, vertices, start, h, used) {
+    const MAX_ITERATIONS = vertices.c.length;
+
+    const n = cells.i.length;
+    const chain = []; // vertices chain to form a path
+    for (let i = 0, current = start; i === 0 || (current !== start && i < MAX_ITERATIONS); i++) {
+      const prev = chain[chain.length - 1]; // previous vertex in chain
+      chain.push(current); // add current vertex to sequence
+      const c = vertices.c[current]; // cells adjacent to vertex
+      c.filter(c => cells.h[c] === h).forEach(c => (used[c] = 1));
+      const c0 = c[0] >= n || cells.h[c[0]] < h;
+      const c1 = c[1] >= n || cells.h[c[1]] < h;
+      const c2 = c[2] >= n || cells.h[c[2]] < h;
+      const v = vertices.v[current]; // neighboring vertices
+      if (v[0] !== prev && c0 !== c1) current = v[0];
+      else if (v[1] !== prev && c1 !== c2) current = v[1];
+      else if (v[2] !== prev && c0 !== c2) current = v[2];
+      if (current === chain[chain.length - 1]) {
+        ERROR && console.error("Next vertex is not found");
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    return chain;
+  }
+
+  function simplifyLine(chain, simplification) {
+    if (!simplification) return chain;
+    const n = simplification + 1; // filter each nth element
+    return chain.filter((d, i) => i % n === 0);
+  }
+
+  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawHeightmap");
+}
diff --git a/modules/renderers/draw-markers.js b/modules/renderers/draw-markers.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f45f31f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/renderers/draw-markers.js
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+"use strict";
+
+function drawMarkers() {
+  TIME && console.time("drawMarkers");
+
+  const rescale = +markers.attr("rescale");
+  const pinned = +markers.attr("pinned");
+
+  const markersData = pinned ? pack.markers.filter(({pinned}) => pinned) : pack.markers;
+  const html = markersData.map(marker => drawMarker(marker, rescale));
+  markers.html(html.join(""));
+
+  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawMarkers");
+}
+
+// prettier-ignore
+const pinShapes = {
+  bubble: (fill, stroke) => `<path d="M6,19 l9,10 L24,19" fill="${stroke}" stroke="none" /><circle cx="15" cy="15" r="10" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}"/>`,
+  pin: (fill, stroke) => `<path d="m 15,3 c -5.5,0 -9.7,4.09 -9.7,9.3 0,6.8 9.7,17 9.7,17 0,0 9.7,-10.2 9.7,-17 C 24.7,7.09 20.5,3 15,3 Z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}"/>`,
+  square: (fill, stroke) => `<path d="m 20,25 -5,4 -5,-4 z" fill="${stroke}"/><path d="M 5,5 H 25 V 25 H 5 Z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}"/>`,
+  squarish: (fill, stroke) => `<path d="m 5,5 h 20 v 20 h -6 l -4,4 -4,-4 H 5 Z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}" />`,
+  diamond: (fill, stroke) => `<path d="M 2,15 15,1 28,15 15,29 Z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}" />`,
+  hex: (fill, stroke) => `<path d="M 15,29 4.61,21 V 9 L 15,3 25.4,9 v 12 z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}" />`,
+  hexy: (fill, stroke) => `<path d="M 15,29 6,21 5,8 15,4 25,8 24,21 Z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}" />`,
+  shieldy: (fill, stroke) => `<path d="M 15,29 6,21 5,7 c 0,0 5,-3 10,-3 5,0 10,3 10,3 l -1,14 z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}" />`,
+  shield: (fill, stroke) => `<path d="M 4.6,5.2 H 25 v 6.7 A 20.3,20.4 0 0 1 15,29 20.3,20.4 0 0 1 4.6,11.9 Z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}" />`,
+  pentagon: (fill, stroke) => `<path d="M 4,16 9,4 h 12 l 5,12 -11,13 z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}" />`,
+  heptagon: (fill, stroke) => `<path d="M 15,29 6,22 4,12 10,4 h 10 l 6,8 -2,10 z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}" />`,
+  circle: (fill, stroke) => `<circle cx="15" cy="15" r="11" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}" />`,
+  no: () => ""
+};
+
+const getPin = (shape = "bubble", fill = "#fff", stroke = "#000") => {
+  const shapeFunction = pinShapes[shape] || pinShapes.bubble;
+  return shapeFunction(fill, stroke);
+};
+
+function drawMarker(marker, rescale = 1) {
+  const {i, icon, x, y, dx = 50, dy = 50, px = 12, size = 30, pin, fill, stroke} = marker;
+  const id = `marker${i}`;
+  const zoomSize = rescale ? Math.max(rn(size / 5 + 24 / scale, 2), 1) : size;
+  const viewX = rn(x - zoomSize / 2, 1);
+  const viewY = rn(y - zoomSize, 1);
+
+  return /* html */ `
+    <svg id="${id}" viewbox="0 0 30 30" width="${zoomSize}" height="${zoomSize}" x="${viewX}" y="${viewY}">
+      <g>${getPin(pin, fill, stroke)}</g>
+      <text x="${dx}%" y="${dy}%" font-size="${px}px" >${icon}</text>
+    </svg>`;
+}
diff --git a/modules/renderers/draw-military.js b/modules/renderers/draw-military.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a56acaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/renderers/draw-military.js
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+"use strict";
+
+function drawMilitary() {
+  TIME && console.time("drawMilitary");
+
+  armies.selectAll("g").remove();
+  pack.states.filter(s => s.i && !s.removed).forEach(s => drawRegiments(s.military, s.i));
+
+  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawMilitary");
+}
+
+const drawRegiments = function (regiments, s) {
+  const size = +armies.attr("box-size");
+  const w = d => (d.n ? size * 4 : size * 6);
+  const h = size * 2;
+  const x = d => rn(d.x - w(d) / 2, 2);
+  const y = d => rn(d.y - size, 2);
+
+  const baseColor = pack.states[s].color[0] === "#" ? pack.states[s].color : "#999";
+  const darkerColor = d3.color(baseColor).darker().hex();
+  const army = armies
+    .append("g")
+    .attr("id", "army" + s)
+    .attr("fill", baseColor)
+    .attr("color", darkerColor);
+
+  const g = army
+    .selectAll("g")
+    .data(regiments)
+    .enter()
+    .append("g")
+    .attr("id", d => "regiment" + s + "-" + d.i)
+    .attr("data-name", d => d.name)
+    .attr("data-state", s)
+    .attr("data-id", d => d.i)
+    .attr("transform", d => (d.angle ? `rotate(${d.angle})` : null))
+    .attr("transform-origin", d => `${d.x}px ${d.y}px`);
+  g.append("rect")
+    .attr("x", d => x(d))
+    .attr("y", d => y(d))
+    .attr("width", d => w(d))
+    .attr("height", h);
+  g.append("text")
+    .attr("x", d => d.x)
+    .attr("y", d => d.y)
+    .text(d => Military.getTotal(d));
+  g.append("rect")
+    .attr("fill", "currentColor")
+    .attr("x", d => x(d) - h)
+    .attr("y", d => y(d))
+    .attr("width", h)
+    .attr("height", h);
+  g.append("text")
+    .attr("class", "regimentIcon")
+    .attr("x", d => x(d) - size)
+    .attr("y", d => d.y)
+    .text(d => d.icon);
+};
+
+const drawRegiment = function (reg, stateId) {
+  const size = +armies.attr("box-size");
+  const w = reg.n ? size * 4 : size * 6;
+  const h = size * 2;
+  const x1 = rn(reg.x - w / 2, 2);
+  const y1 = rn(reg.y - size, 2);
+
+  let army = armies.select("g#army" + stateId);
+  if (!army.size()) {
+    const baseColor = pack.states[stateId].color[0] === "#" ? pack.states[stateId].color : "#999";
+    const darkerColor = d3.color(baseColor).darker().hex();
+    army = armies
+      .append("g")
+      .attr("id", "army" + stateId)
+      .attr("fill", baseColor)
+      .attr("color", darkerColor);
+  }
+
+  const g = army
+    .append("g")
+    .attr("id", "regiment" + stateId + "-" + reg.i)
+    .attr("data-name", reg.name)
+    .attr("data-state", stateId)
+    .attr("data-id", reg.i)
+    .attr("transform", `rotate(${reg.angle || 0})`)
+    .attr("transform-origin", `${reg.x}px ${reg.y}px`);
+  g.append("rect").attr("x", x1).attr("y", y1).attr("width", w).attr("height", h);
+  g.append("text").attr("x", reg.x).attr("y", reg.y).text(getTotal(reg));
+  g.append("rect")
+    .attr("fill", "currentColor")
+    .attr("x", x1 - h)
+    .attr("y", y1)
+    .attr("width", h)
+    .attr("height", h);
+  g.append("text")
+    .attr("class", "regimentIcon")
+    .attr("x", x1 - size)
+    .attr("y", reg.y)
+    .text(reg.icon);
+};
+
+// move one regiment to another
+const moveRegiment = function (reg, x, y) {
+  const el = armies.select("g#army" + reg.state).select("g#regiment" + reg.state + "-" + reg.i);
+  if (!el.size()) return;
+
+  const duration = Math.hypot(reg.x - x, reg.y - y) * 8;
+  reg.x = x;
+  reg.y = y;
+  const size = +armies.attr("box-size");
+  const w = reg.n ? size * 4 : size * 6;
+  const h = size * 2;
+  const x1 = x => rn(x - w / 2, 2);
+  const y1 = y => rn(y - size, 2);
+
+  const move = d3.transition().duration(duration).ease(d3.easeSinInOut);
+  el.select("rect").transition(move).attr("x", x1(x)).attr("y", y1(y));
+  el.select("text").transition(move).attr("x", x).attr("y", y);
+  el.selectAll("rect:nth-of-type(2)")
+    .transition(move)
+    .attr("x", x1(x) - h)
+    .attr("y", y1(y));
+  el.select(".regimentIcon")
+    .transition(move)
+    .attr("x", x1(x) - size)
+    .attr("y", y);
+};
diff --git a/modules/renderers/draw-scalebar.js b/modules/renderers/draw-scalebar.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1eb25da2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/renderers/draw-scalebar.js
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+"use strict";
+
+function drawScaleBar(scaleBar, scaleLevel) {
+  if (!scaleBar.size() || scaleBar.style("display") === "none") return;
+
+  const unit = distanceUnitInput.value;
+  const size = +scaleBar.attr("data-bar-size");
+
+  const length = getLength(scaleLevel, size);
+  scaleBar.select("#scaleBarContent").remove(); // redraw content every time
+  const content = scaleBar.append("g").attr("id", "scaleBarContent");
+
+  const lines = content.append("g");
+  lines
+    .append("line")
+    .attr("x1", 0.5)
+    .attr("y1", 0)
+    .attr("x2", length + size - 0.5)
+    .attr("y2", 0)
+    .attr("stroke-width", size)
+    .attr("stroke", "white");
+  lines
+    .append("line")
+    .attr("x1", 0)
+    .attr("y1", size)
+    .attr("x2", length + size)
+    .attr("y2", size)
+    .attr("stroke-width", size)
+    .attr("stroke", "#3d3d3d");
+  lines
+    .append("line")
+    .attr("x1", 0)
+    .attr("y1", 0)
+    .attr("x2", length + size)
+    .attr("y2", 0)
+    .attr("stroke-width", rn(size * 3, 2))
+    .attr("stroke-dasharray", size + " " + rn(length / 5 - size, 2))
+    .attr("stroke", "#3d3d3d");
+
+  const texts = content.append("g").attr("text-anchor", "middle").attr("font-family", "var(--serif)");
+  texts
+    .selectAll("text")
+    .data(d3.range(0, 6))
+    .enter()
+    .append("text")
+    .attr("x", d => rn((d * length) / 5, 2))
+    .attr("y", 0)
+    .attr("dy", "-.6em")
+    .text(d => rn((((d * length) / 5) * distanceScale) / scaleLevel) + (d < 5 ? "" : " " + unit));
+
+  const label = scaleBar.attr("data-label");
+  if (label) {
+    texts
+      .append("text")
+      .attr("x", (length + 1) / 2)
+      .attr("dy", ".6em")
+      .attr("dominant-baseline", "text-before-edge")
+      .text(label);
+  }
+
+  const scaleBarBack = scaleBar.select("#scaleBarBack");
+  if (scaleBarBack.size()) {
+    const bbox = content.node().getBBox();
+    const paddingTop = +scaleBarBack.attr("data-top") || 0;
+    const paddingLeft = +scaleBarBack.attr("data-left") || 0;
+    const paddingRight = +scaleBarBack.attr("data-right") || 0;
+    const paddingBottom = +scaleBarBack.attr("data-bottom") || 0;
+
+    scaleBar
+      .select("#scaleBarBack")
+      .attr("x", -paddingLeft)
+      .attr("y", -paddingTop)
+      .attr("width", bbox.width + paddingRight)
+      .attr("height", bbox.height + paddingBottom);
+  }
+}
+
+function getLength(scaleLevel) {
+  const init = 100;
+
+  const size = +scaleBar.attr("data-bar-size");
+  let val = (init * size * distanceScale) / scaleLevel; // bar length in distance unit
+  if (val > 900) val = rn(val, -3); // round to 1000
+  else if (val > 90) val = rn(val, -2); // round to 100
+  else if (val > 9) val = rn(val, -1); // round to 10
+  else val = rn(val); // round to 1
+  const length = (val * scaleLevel) / distanceScale; // actual length in pixels on this scale
+  return length;
+}
+
+function fitScaleBar(scaleBar, fullWidth, fullHeight) {
+  if (!scaleBar.select("rect").size() || scaleBar.style("display") === "none") return;
+
+  const posX = +scaleBar.attr("data-x") || 99;
+  const posY = +scaleBar.attr("data-y") || 99;
+  const bbox = scaleBar.select("rect").node().getBBox();
+
+  const x = rn((fullWidth * posX) / 100 - bbox.width + 10);
+  const y = rn((fullHeight * posY) / 100 - bbox.height + 20);
+  scaleBar.attr("transform", `translate(${x},${y})`);
+}
diff --git a/modules/renderers/state-labels.js b/modules/renderers/draw-state-labels.js
similarity index 99%
rename from modules/renderers/state-labels.js
rename to modules/renderers/draw-state-labels.js
index b0cf3001..15bb7ea5 100644
--- a/modules/renderers/state-labels.js
+++ b/modules/renderers/draw-state-labels.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 // list - an optional array of stateIds to regenerate
 function drawStateLabels(list) {
-  console.time("drawStateLabels");
+  TIME && console.time("drawStateLabels");
 
   // temporary make the labels visible
   const layerDisplay = labels.style("display");
@@ -289,5 +289,5 @@ function drawStateLabels(list) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  console.timeEnd("drawStateLabels");
+  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawStateLabels");
 }
diff --git a/modules/renderers/draw-temperature.js b/modules/renderers/draw-temperature.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51dc32f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/renderers/draw-temperature.js
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+"use strict";
+
+function drawTemperature() {
+  TIME && console.time("drawTemperature");
+
+  temperature.selectAll("*").remove();
+  lineGen.curve(d3.curveBasisClosed);
+  const scheme = d3.scaleSequential(d3.interpolateSpectral);
+
+  const tMax = +byId("temperatureEquatorOutput").max;
+  const tMin = +byId("temperatureEquatorOutput").min;
+  const delta = tMax - tMin;
+
+  const {cells, vertices} = grid;
+  const n = cells.i.length;
+
+  const checkedCells = new Uint8Array(n);
+  const addToChecked = cellId => (checkedCells[cellId] = 1);
+
+  const min = d3.min(cells.temp);
+  const max = d3.max(cells.temp);
+  const step = Math.max(Math.round(Math.abs(min - max) / 5), 1);
+
+  const isolines = d3.range(min + step, max, step);
+  const chains = [];
+  const labels = []; // store label coordinates
+
+  for (const cellId of cells.i) {
+    const t = cells.temp[cellId];
+    if (checkedCells[cellId] || !isolines.includes(t)) continue;
+
+    const startingVertex = findStart(cellId, t);
+    if (!startingVertex) continue;
+    checkedCells[cellId] = 1;
+
+    const ofSameType = cellId => cells.temp[cellId] >= t;
+    const chain = connectVertices({vertices, startingVertex, ofSameType, addToChecked});
+    const relaxed = chain.filter((v, i) => i % 4 === 0 || vertices.c[v].some(c => c >= n));
+    if (relaxed.length < 6) continue;
+
+    const points = relaxed.map(v => vertices.p[v]);
+    chains.push([t, points]);
+    addLabel(points, t);
+  }
+
+  // min temp isoline covers all graph
+  temperature
+    .append("path")
+    .attr("d", `M0,0 h${graphWidth} v${graphHeight} h${-graphWidth} Z`)
+    .attr("fill", scheme(1 - (min - tMin) / delta))
+    .attr("stroke", "none");
+
+  for (const t of isolines) {
+    const path = chains
+      .filter(c => c[0] === t)
+      .map(c => round(lineGen(c[1])))
+      .join("");
+    if (!path) continue;
+    const fill = scheme(1 - (t - tMin) / delta),
+      stroke = d3.color(fill).darker(0.2);
+    temperature.append("path").attr("d", path).attr("fill", fill).attr("stroke", stroke);
+  }
+
+  const tempLabels = temperature.append("g").attr("id", "tempLabels").attr("fill-opacity", 1);
+  tempLabels
+    .selectAll("text")
+    .data(labels)
+    .enter()
+    .append("text")
+    .attr("x", d => d[0])
+    .attr("y", d => d[1])
+    .text(d => convertTemperature(d[2]));
+
+  // find cell with temp < isotherm and find vertex to start path detection
+  function findStart(i, t) {
+    if (cells.b[i]) return cells.v[i].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(c => c >= n)); // map border cell
+    return cells.v[i][cells.c[i].findIndex(c => cells.temp[c] < t || !cells.temp[c])];
+  }
+
+  function addLabel(points, t) {
+    const xCenter = svgWidth / 2;
+
+    // add label on isoline top center
+    const tc =
+      points[d3.scan(points, (a, b) => a[1] - b[1] + (Math.abs(a[0] - xCenter) - Math.abs(b[0] - xCenter)) / 2)];
+    pushLabel(tc[0], tc[1], t);
+
+    // add label on isoline bottom center
+    if (points.length > 20) {
+      const bc =
+        points[d3.scan(points, (a, b) => b[1] - a[1] + (Math.abs(a[0] - xCenter) - Math.abs(b[0] - xCenter)) / 2)];
+      const dist2 = (tc[1] - bc[1]) ** 2 + (tc[0] - bc[0]) ** 2; // square distance between this and top point
+      if (dist2 > 100) pushLabel(bc[0], bc[1], t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function pushLabel(x, y, t) {
+    if (x < 20 || x > svgWidth - 20) return;
+    if (y < 20 || y > svgHeight - 20) return;
+    labels.push([x, y, t]);
+  }
+
+  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawTemperature");
+}
diff --git a/modules/river-generator.js b/modules/river-generator.js
index fd6c8620..b7216db0 100644
--- a/modules/river-generator.js
+++ b/modules/river-generator.js
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ window.Rivers = (function () {
 
     const riversData = {}; // rivers data
     const riverParents = {};
+
     const addCellToRiver = function (cell, river) {
       if (!riversData[river]) riversData[river] = [cell];
       else riversData[river].push(cell);
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ window.Rivers = (function () {
     let riverNext = 1; // first river id is 1
 
     const h = alterHeights();
-    Lakes.prepareLakeData(h);
+    Lakes.detectCloseLakes(h);
     resolveDepressions(h);
     drainWater();
     defineRivers();
@@ -39,9 +40,8 @@ window.Rivers = (function () {
       const cellsNumberModifier = (pointsInput.dataset.cells / 10000) ** 0.25;
 
       const prec = grid.cells.prec;
-      const area = pack.cells.area;
       const land = cells.i.filter(i => h[i] >= 20).sort((a, b) => h[b] - h[a]);
-      const lakeOutCells = Lakes.setClimateData(h);
+      const lakeOutCells = Lakes.defineClimateData(h);
 
       land.forEach(function (i) {
         cells.fl[i] += prec[cells.g[i]] / cellsNumberModifier; // add flux from precipitation
diff --git a/modules/submap.js b/modules/submap.js
index 8804db9d..2fb4582f 100644
--- a/modules/submap.js
+++ b/modules/submap.js
@@ -1,31 +1,26 @@
 "use strict";
-/*
-Cell resampler module used by submapper and resampler (transform)
-main function: resample(options);
-*/
 
 window.Submap = (function () {
   const isWater = (pack, id) => pack.cells.h[id] < 20;
   const inMap = (x, y) => x > 0 && x < graphWidth && y > 0 && y < graphHeight;
 
-  function resample(parentMap, options) {
-    /*
+  /*
     generate new map based on an existing one (resampling parentMap)
     parentMap: {seed, grid, pack} from original map
     options = {
-          projection: f(Number,Number)->[Number, Number]
-                      function to calculate new coordinates
-          inverse: g(Number,Number)->[Number, Number]
-                    inverse of f
-          depressRivers: Bool     carve out riverbeds?
-          smoothHeightMap: Bool   run smooth filter on heights
-          addLakesInDepressions:  call FMG original funtion on heightmap
+      projection: f(Number,Number)->[Number, Number]
+                  function to calculate new coordinates
+      inverse: g(Number,Number)->[Number, Number]
+                inverse of f
+      depressRivers: Bool     carve out riverbeds?
+      smoothHeightMap: Bool   run smooth filter on heights
+      addLakesInDepressions:  call FMG original funtion on heightmap
 
-          lockMarkers: Bool       Auto lock all copied markers
-          lockBurgs: Bool         Auto lock all copied burgs
+      lockMarkers: Bool       Auto lock all copied markers
+      lockBurgs: Bool         Auto lock all copied burgs
       }
     */
-
+  function resample(parentMap, options) {
     const projection = options.projection;
     const inverse = options.inverse;
     const stage = s => INFO && console.info("SUBMAP:", s);
@@ -38,7 +33,6 @@ window.Submap = (function () {
     INFO && console.group("SubMap with seed: " + seed);
     DEBUG && console.info("Using Options:", options);
 
-    // create new grid
     applyGraphSize();
     grid = generateGrid();
 
@@ -53,7 +47,7 @@ window.Submap = (function () {
       }
     };
 
-    stage("Resampling heightmap, temperature and precipitation.");
+    stage("Resampling heightmap, temperature and precipitation");
     // resample heightmap from old WorldState
     const n = grid.points.length;
     grid.cells.h = new Uint8Array(n); // heightmap
@@ -87,7 +81,7 @@ window.Submap = (function () {
     }
 
     if (options.depressRivers) {
-      stage("Generating riverbeds.");
+      stage("Generating riverbeds");
       const rbeds = new Uint16Array(grid.cells.i.length);
 
       // and erode riverbeds
@@ -96,7 +90,7 @@ window.Submap = (function () {
           if (oldpc < 0) return; // ignore out-of-map marker (-1)
           const oldc = parentMap.pack.cells.g[oldpc];
           const targetCells = forwardGridMap[oldc];
-          if (!targetCells) throw "TargetCell shouldn't be empty.";
+          if (!targetCells) throw "TargetCell shouldn't be empty";
           targetCells.forEach(c => {
             if (grid.cells.h[c] < 20) return;
             rbeds[c] = 1;
@@ -110,33 +104,27 @@ window.Submap = (function () {
       });
     }
 
-    stage("Detect features, ocean and generating lakes.");
-    markFeatures();
-    markupGridOcean();
+    stage("Detect features, ocean and generating lakes");
+    Features.markupGrid();
 
-    // Warning: addLakesInDeepDepressions can be very slow!
-    if (options.addLakesInDepressions) {
-      addLakesInDeepDepressions();
-      openNearSeaLakes();
-    }
+    addLakesInDeepDepressions();
+    openNearSeaLakes();
 
     OceanLayers();
 
     calculateMapCoordinates();
-    // calculateTemperatures();
-    // generatePrecipitation();
-    stage("Cell cleanup.");
+    calculateTemperatures();
+    generatePrecipitation();
+    stage("Cell cleanup");
     reGraph();
 
     // remove misclassified cells
-    stage("Define coastline.");
-    drawCoastline();
+    stage("Define coastline");
+    Features.markupPack();
+    createDefaultRuler();
 
-    /****************************************************/
-    /* Packed Graph */
-    /****************************************************/
+    // Packed Graph
     const oldCells = parentMap.pack.cells;
-    // const reverseMap = new Map(); // cellmap from new -> oldcell
     const forwardMap = parentMap.pack.cells.p.map(_ => []); // old -> [newcelllist]
 
     const pn = pack.cells.i.length;
@@ -147,7 +135,7 @@ window.Submap = (function () {
     cells.religion = new Uint16Array(pn);
     cells.province = new Uint16Array(pn);
 
-    stage("Resampling culture, state and religion map.");
+    stage("Resampling culture, state and religion map");
     for (const [id, gridCellId] of cells.g.entries()) {
       const oldGridId = reverseGridMap[gridCellId];
       if (oldGridId === undefined) {
@@ -206,14 +194,12 @@ window.Submap = (function () {
       forwardMap[oldid].push(id);
     }
 
-    stage("Regenerating river network.");
+    stage("Regenerating river network");
     Rivers.generate();
-    drawRivers();
-    Lakes.defineGroup();
 
     // biome calculation based on (resampled) grid.cells.temp and prec
     // it's safe to recalculate.
-    stage("Regenerating Biome.");
+    stage("Regenerating Biome");
     Biomes.define();
     // recalculate suitability and population
     // TODO: normalize according to the base-map
@@ -234,11 +220,11 @@ window.Submap = (function () {
       c.center = newCenters.length ? newCenters[0] : pack.cells.culture.findIndex(x => x === i);
     });
 
-    stage("Porting and locking burgs.");
+    stage("Porting and locking burgs");
     copyBurgs(parentMap, projection, options);
 
     // transfer states, mark states without land as removed.
-    stage("Porting states.");
+    stage("Porting states");
     const validStates = new Set(pack.cells.state);
     pack.states = parentMap.pack.states;
     // keep valid states and neighbors only
@@ -252,9 +238,10 @@ window.Submap = (function () {
         ? pack.burgs[s.capital].cell // capital is the best bet
         : pack.cells.state.findIndex(x => x === i); // otherwise use the first valid cell
     });
+    BurgsAndStates.getPoles();
 
     // transfer provinces, mark provinces without land as removed.
-    stage("Porting provinces.");
+    stage("Porting provinces");
     const validProvinces = new Set(pack.cells.province);
     pack.provinces = parentMap.pack.provinces;
     // mark uneccesary provinces
@@ -267,20 +254,15 @@ window.Submap = (function () {
       const newCenters = forwardMap[p.center];
       p.center = newCenters.length ? newCenters[0] : pack.cells.province.findIndex(x => x === i);
     });
+    Provinces.getPoles();
 
-    BurgsAndStates.drawBurgs();
-
-    stage("Regenerating routes network.");
+    stage("Regenerating routes network");
     regenerateRoutes();
 
-    drawStates();
-    drawBorders();
-    drawStateLabels();
-
     Rivers.specify();
-    Lakes.generateName();
+    Features.specify();
 
-    stage("Porting military.");
+    stage("Porting military");
     for (const s of pack.states) {
       if (!s.military) continue;
       for (const m of s.military) {
@@ -291,9 +273,8 @@ window.Submap = (function () {
       }
       s.military = s.military.filter(m => m.cell).map((m, i) => ({...m, i}));
     }
-    Military.redraw();
 
-    stage("Copying markers.");
+    stage("Copying markers");
     for (const m of pack.markers) {
       const [x, y] = projection(m.x, m.y);
       if (!inMap(x, y)) {
@@ -307,14 +288,12 @@ window.Submap = (function () {
     }
     if (layerIsOn("toggleMarkers")) drawMarkers();
 
-    stage("Redraw emblems.");
-    drawEmblems();
-    stage("Regenerating Zones.");
+    stage("Regenerating Zones");
     Zones.generate();
     Names.getMapName();
-    stage("Restoring Notes.");
+    stage("Restoring Notes");
     notes = parentMap.notes;
-    stage("Submap done.");
+    stage("Submap done");
 
     WARN && console.warn(`TOTAL: ${rn((performance.now() - timeStart) / 1000, 2)}s`);
     showStatistics();
diff --git a/modules/ui/3d.js b/modules/ui/3d.js
index 81356130..f0b29661 100644
--- a/modules/ui/3d.js
+++ b/modules/ui/3d.js
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ window.ThreeD = (function () {
       }
 
       // icons
-      if (layerIsOn("toggleIcons")) {
+      if (layerIsOn("toggleBurgIcons")) {
         const geometry = isCity ? city_icon_geometry : town_icon_geometry;
         const material = isCity ? city_icon_material : town_icon_material;
         const iconMesh = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, material);
@@ -444,6 +444,7 @@ window.ThreeD = (function () {
       const url = await getMapURL("mesh", {
         noLabels: options.labels3d,
         noWater: options.extendedWater,
+        noViewbox: true,
         fullMap: true
       });
       const canvas = document.createElement("canvas");
@@ -623,7 +624,7 @@ window.ThreeD = (function () {
       material.map = texture;
       if (addMesh) addGlobe3dMesh();
     };
-    img2.src = await getMapURL("mesh", {noScaleBar: true, fullMap: true});
+    img2.src = await getMapURL("mesh", {noScaleBar: true, fullMap: true, noVignette: true});
   }
 
   function addGlobe3dMesh() {
diff --git a/modules/ui/battle-screen.js b/modules/ui/battle-screen.js
index 12ad7bdd..8c595a80 100644
--- a/modules/ui/battle-screen.js
+++ b/modules/ui/battle-screen.js
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ class Battle {
         const shift = side === "attackers" ? attackers.length * -8 : (defenders.length - 1) * 8;
         regiment.px = regiment.x;
         regiment.py = regiment.y;
-        Military.moveRegiment(regiment, defenders[0].x, defenders[0].y + shift);
+        moveRegiment(regiment, defenders[0].x, defenders[0].y + shift);
       });
     }
 
@@ -909,7 +909,7 @@ class Battle {
 
   cancelResults() {
     // move regiments back to initial positions
-    this.attackers.regiments.concat(this.defenders.regiments).forEach(r => Military.moveRegiment(r, r.px, r.py));
+    this.attackers.regiments.concat(this.defenders.regiments).forEach(r => moveRegiment(r, r.px, r.py));
     $("#battleScreen").dialog("close");
     this.cleanData();
   }
diff --git a/modules/ui/burg-editor.js b/modules/ui/burg-editor.js
index 6bbf7891..d2668d1d 100644
--- a/modules/ui/burg-editor.js
+++ b/modules/ui/burg-editor.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 function editBurg(id) {
   if (customization) return;
   closeDialogs(".stable");
-  if (!layerIsOn("toggleIcons")) toggleIcons();
+  if (!layerIsOn("toggleBurgIcons")) toggleBurgIcons();
   if (!layerIsOn("toggleLabels")) toggleLabels();
 
   const burg = id || d3.event.target.dataset.id;
diff --git a/modules/ui/burgs-overview.js b/modules/ui/burgs-overview.js
index ae4d09dc..b0926820 100644
--- a/modules/ui/burgs-overview.js
+++ b/modules/ui/burgs-overview.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 function overviewBurgs(settings = {stateId: null, cultureId: null}) {
   if (customization) return;
   closeDialogs("#burgsOverview, .stable");
-  if (!layerIsOn("toggleIcons")) toggleIcons();
+  if (!layerIsOn("toggleBurgIcons")) toggleBurgIcons();
   if (!layerIsOn("toggleLabels")) toggleLabels();
 
   const body = byId("burgsBody");
@@ -154,9 +154,9 @@ function overviewBurgs(settings = {stateId: null, cultureId: null}) {
   }
 
   function burgHighlightOn(event) {
-    if (!layerIsOn("toggleLabels")) toggleLabels();
     const burg = +event.target.dataset.id;
-    burgLabels.select("[data-id='" + burg + "']").classed("drag", true);
+    const label = burgLabels.select("[data-id='" + burg + "']");
+    if (label.size()) label.classed("drag", true);
   }
 
   function burgHighlightOff() {
diff --git a/modules/ui/coastline-editor.js b/modules/ui/coastline-editor.js
index 2f918cd9..6ba14afe 100644
--- a/modules/ui/coastline-editor.js
+++ b/modules/ui/coastline-editor.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 "use strict";
-function editCoastline(node = d3.event.target) {
+
+function editCoastline() {
   if (customization) return;
   closeDialogs(".stable");
   if (layerIsOn("toggleCells")) toggleCells();
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@ function editCoastline(node = d3.event.target) {
   });
 
   debug.append("g").attr("id", "vertices");
+  const node = d3.event.target;
   elSelected = d3.select(node);
   selectCoastlineGroup(node);
   drawCoastlineVertices();
@@ -21,93 +23,98 @@ function editCoastline(node = d3.event.target) {
   modules.editCoastline = true;
 
   // add listeners
-  document.getElementById("coastlineGroupsShow").addEventListener("click", showGroupSection);
-  document.getElementById("coastlineGroup").addEventListener("change", changeCoastlineGroup);
-  document.getElementById("coastlineGroupAdd").addEventListener("click", toggleNewGroupInput);
-  document.getElementById("coastlineGroupName").addEventListener("change", createNewGroup);
-  document.getElementById("coastlineGroupRemove").addEventListener("click", removeCoastlineGroup);
-  document.getElementById("coastlineGroupsHide").addEventListener("click", hideGroupSection);
-  document.getElementById("coastlineEditStyle").addEventListener("click", editGroupStyle);
+  byId("coastlineGroupsShow").on("click", showGroupSection);
+  byId("coastlineGroup").on("change", changeCoastlineGroup);
+  byId("coastlineGroupAdd").on("click", toggleNewGroupInput);
+  byId("coastlineGroupName").on("change", createNewGroup);
+  byId("coastlineGroupRemove").on("click", removeCoastlineGroup);
+  byId("coastlineGroupsHide").on("click", hideGroupSection);
+  byId("coastlineEditStyle").on("click", editGroupStyle);
 
   function drawCoastlineVertices() {
-    const f = +elSelected.attr("data-f"); // feature id
-    const v = pack.features[f].vertices; // coastline outer vertices
+    const featureId = +elSelected.attr("data-f");
+    const {vertices, area} = pack.features[featureId];
 
-    const l = pack.cells.i.length;
-    const c = [...new Set(v.map(v => pack.vertices.c[v]).flat())].filter(c => c < l);
+    const cellsNumber = pack.cells.i.length;
+    const neibCells = unique(vertices.map(v => pack.vertices.c[v]).flat()).filter(cellId => cellId < cellsNumber);
     debug
       .select("#vertices")
       .selectAll("polygon")
-      .data(c)
+      .data(neibCells)
       .enter()
       .append("polygon")
-      .attr("points", d => getPackPolygon(d))
+      .attr("points", getPackPolygon)
       .attr("data-c", d => d);
 
     debug
       .select("#vertices")
       .selectAll("circle")
-      .data(v)
+      .data(vertices)
       .enter()
       .append("circle")
       .attr("cx", d => pack.vertices.p[d][0])
       .attr("cy", d => pack.vertices.p[d][1])
       .attr("r", 0.4)
       .attr("data-v", d => d)
-      .call(d3.drag().on("drag", dragVertex))
-      .on("mousemove", () => tip("Drag to move the vertex, please use for fine-tuning only. Edit heightmap to change actual cell heights"));
+      .call(d3.drag().on("drag", handleVertexDrag).on("end", handleVertexDragEnd))
+      .on("mousemove", () =>
+        tip("Drag to move the vertex. Please use for fine-tuning only. Edit heightmap to change actual cell heights!")
+      );
 
-    const area = pack.features[f].area;
     coastlineArea.innerHTML = si(getArea(area)) + " " + getAreaUnit();
   }
 
-  function dragVertex() {
-    const x = rn(d3.event.x, 2),
-      y = rn(d3.event.y, 2);
+  function handleVertexDrag() {
+    const {vertices, features} = pack;
+
+    const x = rn(d3.event.x, 2);
+    const y = rn(d3.event.y, 2);
     this.setAttribute("cx", x);
     this.setAttribute("cy", y);
-    const v = +this.dataset.v;
-    pack.vertices.p[v] = [x, y];
-    debug
-      .select("#vertices")
-      .selectAll("polygon")
-      .attr("points", d => getPackPolygon(d));
-    redrawCoastline();
+
+    const vertexId = d3.select(this).datum();
+    vertices.p[vertexId] = [x, y];
+
+    const featureId = +elSelected.attr("data-f");
+    const feature = features[featureId];
+
+    // change coastline path
+    defs.select("#featurePaths > path#feature_" + featureId).attr("d", getFeaturePath(feature));
+
+    // update area
+    const points = feature.vertices.map(vertex => vertices.p[vertex]);
+    feature.area = Math.abs(d3.polygonArea(points));
+    coastlineArea.innerHTML = si(getArea(feature.area)) + " " + getAreaUnit();
+
+    // update cell
+    debug.select("#vertices").selectAll("polygon").attr("points", getPackPolygon);
   }
 
-  function redrawCoastline() {
-    lineGen.curve(d3.curveBasisClosed);
-    const f = +elSelected.attr("data-f");
-    const vertices = pack.features[f].vertices;
-    const points = clipPoly(
-      vertices.map(v => pack.vertices.p[v]),
-      1
-    );
-    const d = round(lineGen(points));
-    elSelected.attr("d", d);
-    defs.select("mask#land > path#land_" + f).attr("d", d); // update land mask
-    defs.select("mask#water > path#water_" + f).attr("d", d); // update water mask
-
-    const area = Math.abs(d3.polygonArea(points));
-    coastlineArea.innerHTML = si(getArea(area)) + " " + getAreaUnit();
+  function handleVertexDragEnd() {
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleStates")) drawStates();
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleProvinces")) drawProvinces();
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleBorders")) drawBorders();
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleBiomes")) drawBiomes();
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleReligions")) drawReligions();
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleCultures")) drawCultures();
   }
 
   function showGroupSection() {
     document.querySelectorAll("#coastlineEditor > button").forEach(el => (el.style.display = "none"));
-    document.getElementById("coastlineGroupsSelection").style.display = "inline-block";
+    byId("coastlineGroupsSelection").style.display = "inline-block";
   }
 
   function hideGroupSection() {
     document.querySelectorAll("#coastlineEditor > button").forEach(el => (el.style.display = "inline-block"));
-    document.getElementById("coastlineGroupsSelection").style.display = "none";
-    document.getElementById("coastlineGroupName").style.display = "none";
-    document.getElementById("coastlineGroupName").value = "";
-    document.getElementById("coastlineGroup").style.display = "inline-block";
+    byId("coastlineGroupsSelection").style.display = "none";
+    byId("coastlineGroupName").style.display = "none";
+    byId("coastlineGroupName").value = "";
+    byId("coastlineGroup").style.display = "inline-block";
   }
 
   function selectCoastlineGroup(node) {
     const group = node.parentNode.id;
-    const select = document.getElementById("coastlineGroup");
+    const select = byId("coastlineGroup");
     select.options.length = 0; // remove all options
 
     coastline.selectAll("g").each(function () {
@@ -116,7 +123,7 @@ function editCoastline(node = d3.event.target) {
   }
 
   function changeCoastlineGroup() {
-    document.getElementById(this.value).appendChild(elSelected.node());
+    byId(this.value).appendChild(elSelected.node());
   }
 
   function toggleNewGroupInput() {
@@ -131,54 +138,44 @@ function editCoastline(node = d3.event.target) {
   }
 
   function createNewGroup() {
-    if (!this.value) {
-      tip("Please provide a valid group name");
-      return;
-    }
+    if (!this.value) return tip("Please provide a valid group name");
+
     const group = this.value
       .toLowerCase()
       .replace(/ /g, "_")
       .replace(/[^\w\s]/gi, "");
 
-    if (document.getElementById(group)) {
-      tip("Element with this id already exists. Please provide a unique name", false, "error");
-      return;
-    }
+    if (byId(group)) return tip("Element with this id already exists. Please provide a unique name", false, "error");
 
-    if (Number.isFinite(+group.charAt(0))) {
-      tip("Group name should start with a letter", false, "error");
-      return;
-    }
+    if (Number.isFinite(+group.charAt(0))) return tip("Group name should start with a letter", false, "error");
 
     // just rename if only 1 element left
     const oldGroup = elSelected.node().parentNode;
     const basic = ["sea_island", "lake_island"].includes(oldGroup.id);
     if (!basic && oldGroup.childElementCount === 1) {
-      document.getElementById("coastlineGroup").selectedOptions[0].remove();
-      document.getElementById("coastlineGroup").options.add(new Option(group, group, false, true));
+      byId("coastlineGroup").selectedOptions[0].remove();
+      byId("coastlineGroup").options.add(new Option(group, group, false, true));
       oldGroup.id = group;
       toggleNewGroupInput();
-      document.getElementById("coastlineGroupName").value = "";
+      byId("coastlineGroupName").value = "";
       return;
     }
 
     // create a new group
     const newGroup = elSelected.node().parentNode.cloneNode(false);
-    document.getElementById("coastline").appendChild(newGroup);
+    byId("coastline").appendChild(newGroup);
     newGroup.id = group;
-    document.getElementById("coastlineGroup").options.add(new Option(group, group, false, true));
-    document.getElementById(group).appendChild(elSelected.node());
+    byId("coastlineGroup").options.add(new Option(group, group, false, true));
+    byId(group).appendChild(elSelected.node());
 
     toggleNewGroupInput();
-    document.getElementById("coastlineGroupName").value = "";
+    byId("coastlineGroupName").value = "";
   }
 
   function removeCoastlineGroup() {
     const group = elSelected.node().parentNode.id;
-    if (["sea_island", "lake_island"].includes(group)) {
-      tip("This is one of the default groups, it cannot be removed", false, "error");
-      return;
-    }
+    if (["sea_island", "lake_island"].includes(group))
+      return tip("This is one of the default groups, it cannot be removed", false, "error");
 
     const count = elSelected.node().parentNode.childElementCount;
     alertMessage.innerHTML = /* html */ `Are you sure you want to remove the group? All coastline elements of the group (${count}) will be moved under
@@ -190,14 +187,14 @@ function editCoastline(node = d3.event.target) {
       buttons: {
         Remove: function () {
           $(this).dialog("close");
-          const sea = document.getElementById("sea_island");
-          const groupEl = document.getElementById(group);
+          const sea = byId("sea_island");
+          const groupEl = byId(group);
           while (groupEl.childNodes.length) {
             sea.appendChild(groupEl.childNodes[0]);
           }
           groupEl.remove();
-          document.getElementById("coastlineGroup").selectedOptions[0].remove();
-          document.getElementById("coastlineGroup").value = "sea_island";
+          byId("coastlineGroup").selectedOptions[0].remove();
+          byId("coastlineGroup").value = "sea_island";
         },
         Cancel: function () {
           $(this).dialog("close");
diff --git a/modules/ui/editors.js b/modules/ui/editors.js
index 2b9ce44e..2e761d7a 100644
--- a/modules/ui/editors.js
+++ b/modules/ui/editors.js
@@ -10,31 +10,27 @@ function restoreDefaultEvents() {
   legend.call(d3.drag().on("start", dragLegendBox));
 }
 
-// on viewbox click event - run function based on target
+// handle viewbox click
 function clicked() {
   const el = d3.event.target;
-  if (!el || !el.parentElement || !el.parentElement.parentElement) return;
-  const parent = el.parentElement;
-  const grand = parent.parentElement;
-  const great = grand.parentElement;
-  const p = d3.mouse(this);
-  const i = findCell(p[0], p[1]);
+  const parent = el?.parentElement;
+  const grand = parent?.parentElement;
+  const great = grand?.parentElement;
+  const ancestor = great?.parentElement;
+  if (!ancestor) return;
 
   if (grand.id === "emblems") editEmblem();
   else if (parent.id === "rivers") editRiver(el.id);
   else if (grand.id === "routes") editRoute(el.id);
-  else if (el.tagName === "tspan" && grand.parentNode.parentNode.id === "labels") editLabel();
+  else if (ancestor.id === "labels" && el.tagName === "tspan") editLabel();
   else if (grand.id === "burgLabels") editBurg();
   else if (grand.id === "burgIcons") editBurg();
   else if (parent.id === "ice") editIce();
   else if (parent.id === "terrain") editReliefIcon();
   else if (grand.id === "markers" || great.id === "markers") editMarker();
   else if (grand.id === "coastline") editCoastline();
+  else if (grand.id === "lakes") editLake();
   else if (great.id === "armies") editRegiment();
-  else if (pack.cells.t[i] === 1) {
-    const node = byId("island_" + pack.cells.f[i]);
-    editCoastline(node);
-  } else if (grand.id === "lakes") editLake();
 }
 
 // clear elSelected variable
@@ -1252,18 +1248,18 @@ function refreshAllEditors() {
 // dynamically loaded editors
 async function editStates() {
   if (customization) return;
-  const Editor = await import("../dynamic/editors/states-editor.js?v=1.99.05");
+  const Editor = await import("../dynamic/editors/states-editor.js?v=1.104.0");
   Editor.open();
 }
 
 async function editCultures() {
   if (customization) return;
-  const Editor = await import("../dynamic/editors/cultures-editor.js?v=1.99.05");
+  const Editor = await import("../dynamic/editors/cultures-editor.js?v=1.104.0");
   Editor.open();
 }
 
 async function editReligions() {
   if (customization) return;
-  const Editor = await import("../dynamic/editors/religions-editor.js?v=1.99.05");
+  const Editor = await import("../dynamic/editors/religions-editor.js?v=1.104.0");
   Editor.open();
 }
diff --git a/modules/ui/general.js b/modules/ui/general.js
index 80328b7e..8d5fc28e 100644
--- a/modules/ui/general.js
+++ b/modules/ui/general.js
@@ -161,12 +161,14 @@ function showMapTooltip(point, e, i, g) {
   if (group === "terrain") return tip("Click to edit the Relief Icon");
 
   if (subgroup === "burgLabels" || subgroup === "burgIcons") {
-    const burg = +path[path.length - 10].dataset.id;
-    const b = pack.burgs[burg];
-    const population = si(b.population * populationRate * urbanization);
-    tip(`${b.name}. Population: ${population}. Click to edit`);
-    if (burgsOverview?.offsetParent) highlightEditorLine(burgsOverview, burg, 5000);
-    return;
+    const burgId = +path[path.length - 10].dataset.id;
+    if (burgId) {
+      const burg = pack.burgs[burgId];
+      const population = si(burg.population * populationRate * urbanization);
+      tip(`${burg.name}. Population: ${population}. Click to edit`);
+      if (burgsOverview?.offsetParent) highlightEditorLine(burgsOverview, burgId, 5000);
+      return;
+    }
   }
 
   if (group === "labels") return tip("Click to edit the Label");
@@ -211,9 +213,9 @@ function showMapTooltip(point, e, i, g) {
   if (group === "ice") return tip("Click to edit the Ice");
 
   // covering elements
-  if (layerIsOn("togglePrec") && land) tip("Annual Precipitation: " + getFriendlyPrecipitation(i));
+  if (layerIsOn("togglePrecipitation") && land) tip("Annual Precipitation: " + getFriendlyPrecipitation(i));
   else if (layerIsOn("togglePopulation")) tip(getPopulationTip(i));
-  else if (layerIsOn("toggleTemp")) tip("Temperature: " + convertTemperature(grid.cells.temp[g]));
+  else if (layerIsOn("toggleTemperature")) tip("Temperature: " + convertTemperature(grid.cells.temp[g]));
   else if (layerIsOn("toggleBiomes") && pack.cells.biome[i]) {
     const biome = pack.cells.biome[i];
     tip("Biome: " + biomesData.name[biome]);
diff --git a/modules/ui/heightmap-editor.js b/modules/ui/heightmap-editor.js
index a88c698c..11eef739 100644
--- a/modules/ui/heightmap-editor.js
+++ b/modules/ui/heightmap-editor.js
@@ -215,8 +215,7 @@ function editHeightmap(options) {
     pack.religions = [];
 
     const erosionAllowed = allowErosion.checked;
-    markFeatures();
-    markupGridOcean();
+    Features.markupGrid();
     if (erosionAllowed) {
       addLakesInDeepDepressions();
       openNearSeaLakes();
@@ -225,7 +224,7 @@ function editHeightmap(options) {
     calculateTemperatures();
     generatePrecipitation();
     reGraph();
-    drawCoastline();
+    Features.markupPack();
 
     Rivers.generate(erosionAllowed);
 
@@ -237,8 +236,6 @@ function editHeightmap(options) {
       }
     }
 
-    drawRivers();
-    Lakes.defineGroup();
     Biomes.define();
     rankCells();
 
@@ -249,15 +246,14 @@ function editHeightmap(options) {
     Routes.generate();
     Religions.generate();
     BurgsAndStates.defineStateForms();
-    BurgsAndStates.generateProvinces();
+    Provinces.generate();
+    Provinces.getPoles();
     BurgsAndStates.defineBurgFeatures();
 
-    drawStates();
-    drawBorders();
     drawStateLabels();
 
     Rivers.specify();
-    Lakes.generateName();
+    Features.specify();
 
     Military.generate();
     Markers.generate();
@@ -338,14 +334,13 @@ function editHeightmap(options) {
       zone.selectAll("*").remove();
     });
 
-    markFeatures();
-    markupGridOcean();
+    Features.markupGrid();
     if (erosionAllowed) addLakesInDeepDepressions();
     OceanLayers();
     calculateTemperatures();
     generatePrecipitation();
     reGraph();
-    drawCoastline();
+    Features.markupPack();
 
     if (erosionAllowed) Rivers.generate(true);
 
@@ -440,8 +435,6 @@ function editHeightmap(options) {
     }
 
     drawStateLabels();
-    drawStates();
-    drawBorders();
 
     if (erosionAllowed) {
       Rivers.specify();
@@ -489,10 +482,14 @@ function editHeightmap(options) {
     updateHistory();
   }
 
+  function getColor(value, scheme = getColorScheme()) {
+    return scheme(1 - (value < 20 ? value - 5 : value) / 100);
+  }
+
   // draw or update heightmap
   function mockHeightmap() {
     const data = renderOcean.checked ? grid.cells.i : grid.cells.i.filter(i => grid.cells.h[i] >= 20);
-    const scheme = getColorScheme();
+
     viewbox
       .select("#heights")
       .selectAll("polygon")
@@ -500,13 +497,12 @@ function editHeightmap(options) {
       .join("polygon")
       .attr("points", d => getGridPolygon(d))
       .attr("id", d => "cell" + d)
-      .attr("fill", d => getColor(grid.cells.h[d], scheme));
+      .attr("fill", d => getColor(grid.cells.h[d]));
   }
 
   // draw or update heightmap for a selection of cells
   function mockHeightmapSelection(selection) {
     const ocean = renderOcean.checked;
-    const scheme = getColorScheme();
 
     selection.forEach(function (i) {
       let cell = viewbox.select("#heights").select("#cell" + i);
@@ -518,7 +514,7 @@ function editHeightmap(options) {
           .append("polygon")
           .attr("points", getGridPolygon(i))
           .attr("id", "cell" + i);
-      cell.attr("fill", getColor(grid.cells.h[i], scheme));
+      cell.attr("fill", getColor(grid.cells.h[i]));
     });
   }
 
@@ -1349,7 +1345,7 @@ function editHeightmap(options) {
         return lum | 0; // land
       };
 
-      const scheme = d3.range(101).map(i => getColor(i, color()));
+      const scheme = d3.range(101).map(i => getColor(i));
       const hues = scheme.map(rgb => d3.hsl(rgb).h | 0);
       const getHeightByScheme = function (color) {
         let height = scheme.indexOf(color);
diff --git a/modules/ui/hotkeys.js b/modules/ui/hotkeys.js
index 1b563d52..4b1e626d 100644
--- a/modules/ui/hotkeys.js
+++ b/modules/ui/hotkeys.js
@@ -75,13 +75,13 @@ function handleKeyup(event) {
   else if (code === "KeyD") toggleBorders();
   else if (code === "KeyR") toggleReligions();
   else if (code === "KeyU") toggleRoutes();
-  else if (code === "KeyT") toggleTemp();
+  else if (code === "KeyT") toggleTemperature();
   else if (code === "KeyN") togglePopulation();
   else if (code === "KeyJ") toggleIce();
-  else if (code === "KeyA") togglePrec();
+  else if (code === "KeyA") togglePrecipitation();
   else if (code === "KeyY") toggleEmblems();
   else if (code === "KeyL") toggleLabels();
-  else if (code === "KeyI") toggleIcons();
+  else if (code === "KeyI") toggleBurgIcons();
   else if (code === "KeyM") toggleMilitary();
   else if (code === "KeyK") toggleMarkers();
   else if (code === "Equal" && !customization) toggleRulers();
diff --git a/modules/ui/lakes-editor.js b/modules/ui/lakes-editor.js
index e4977624..a6ce80d1 100644
--- a/modules/ui/lakes-editor.js
+++ b/modules/ui/lakes-editor.js
@@ -23,17 +23,15 @@ function editLake() {
   modules.editLake = true;
 
   // add listeners
-  document.getElementById("lakeName").addEventListener("input", changeName);
-  document.getElementById("lakeNameCulture").addEventListener("click", generateNameCulture);
-  document.getElementById("lakeNameRandom").addEventListener("click", generateNameRandom);
-
-  document.getElementById("lakeGroup").addEventListener("change", changeLakeGroup);
-  document.getElementById("lakeGroupAdd").addEventListener("click", toggleNewGroupInput);
-  document.getElementById("lakeGroupName").addEventListener("change", createNewGroup);
-  document.getElementById("lakeGroupRemove").addEventListener("click", removeLakeGroup);
-
-  document.getElementById("lakeEditStyle").addEventListener("click", editGroupStyle);
-  document.getElementById("lakeLegend").addEventListener("click", editLakeLegend);
+  byId("lakeName").on("input", changeName);
+  byId("lakeNameCulture").on("click", generateNameCulture);
+  byId("lakeNameRandom").on("click", generateNameRandom);
+  byId("lakeGroup").on("change", changeLakeGroup);
+  byId("lakeGroupAdd").on("click", toggleNewGroupInput);
+  byId("lakeGroupName").on("change", createNewGroup);
+  byId("lakeGroupRemove").on("click", removeLakeGroup);
+  byId("lakeEditStyle").on("click", editGroupStyle);
+  byId("lakeLegend").on("click", editLakeLegend);
 
   function getLake() {
     const lakeId = +elSelected.attr("data-f");
@@ -41,85 +39,91 @@ function editLake() {
   }
 
   function updateLakeValues() {
-    const cells = pack.cells;
+    const {cells, vertices, rivers} = pack;
 
     const l = getLake();
-    document.getElementById("lakeName").value = l.name;
-    document.getElementById("lakeArea").value = si(getArea(l.area)) + " " + getAreaUnit();
+    byId("lakeName").value = l.name;
+    byId("lakeArea").value = si(getArea(l.area)) + " " + getAreaUnit();
 
-    const length = d3.polygonLength(l.vertices.map(v => pack.vertices.p[v]));
-    document.getElementById("lakeShoreLength").value = si(length * distanceScale) + " " + distanceUnitInput.value;
+    const length = d3.polygonLength(l.vertices.map(v => vertices.p[v]));
+    byId("lakeShoreLength").value = si(length * distanceScale) + " " + distanceUnitInput.value;
 
     const lakeCells = Array.from(cells.i.filter(i => cells.f[i] === l.i));
     const heights = lakeCells.map(i => cells.h[i]);
 
-    document.getElementById("lakeElevation").value = getHeight(l.height);
-    document.getElementById("lakeAverageDepth").value = getHeight(d3.mean(heights), "abs");
-    document.getElementById("lakeMaxDepth").value = getHeight(d3.min(heights), "abs");
+    byId("lakeElevation").value = getHeight(l.height);
+    byId("lakeAverageDepth").value = getHeight(d3.mean(heights), "abs");
+    byId("lakeMaxDepth").value = getHeight(d3.min(heights), "abs");
 
-    document.getElementById("lakeFlux").value = l.flux;
-    document.getElementById("lakeEvaporation").value = l.evaporation;
+    byId("lakeFlux").value = l.flux;
+    byId("lakeEvaporation").value = l.evaporation;
 
-    const inlets = l.inlets && l.inlets.map(inlet => pack.rivers.find(river => river.i === inlet)?.name);
-    const outlet = l.outlet ? pack.rivers.find(river => river.i === l.outlet)?.name : "no";
-    document.getElementById("lakeInlets").value = inlets ? inlets.length : "no";
-    document.getElementById("lakeInlets").title = inlets ? inlets.join(", ") : "";
-    document.getElementById("lakeOutlet").value = outlet;
+    const inlets = l.inlets && l.inlets.map(inlet => rivers.find(river => river.i === inlet)?.name);
+    const outlet = l.outlet ? rivers.find(river => river.i === l.outlet)?.name : "no";
+    byId("lakeInlets").value = inlets ? inlets.length : "no";
+    byId("lakeInlets").title = inlets ? inlets.join(", ") : "";
+    byId("lakeOutlet").value = outlet;
   }
 
   function drawLakeVertices() {
-    const v = getLake().vertices; // lake outer vertices
+    const vertices = getLake().vertices;
 
-    const c = [...new Set(v.map(v => pack.vertices.c[v]).flat())];
+    const neibCells = unique(vertices.map(v => pack.vertices.c[v]).flat());
     debug
       .select("#vertices")
       .selectAll("polygon")
-      .data(c)
+      .data(neibCells)
       .enter()
       .append("polygon")
-      .attr("points", d => getPackPolygon(d))
+      .attr("points", getPackPolygon)
       .attr("data-c", d => d);
 
     debug
       .select("#vertices")
       .selectAll("circle")
-      .data(v)
+      .data(vertices)
       .enter()
       .append("circle")
       .attr("cx", d => pack.vertices.p[d][0])
       .attr("cy", d => pack.vertices.p[d][1])
       .attr("r", 0.4)
       .attr("data-v", d => d)
-      .call(d3.drag().on("drag", dragVertex))
+      .call(d3.drag().on("drag", handleVertexDrag).on("end", handleVertexDragEnd))
       .on("mousemove", () =>
-        tip("Drag to move the vertex, please use for fine-tuning only. Edit heightmap to change actual cell heights")
+        tip("Drag to move the vertex. Please use for fine-tuning only! Edit heightmap to change actual cell heights")
       );
   }
 
-  function dragVertex() {
-    const x = rn(d3.event.x, 2),
-      y = rn(d3.event.y, 2);
+  function handleVertexDrag() {
+    const x = rn(d3.event.x, 2);
+    const y = rn(d3.event.y, 2);
     this.setAttribute("cx", x);
     this.setAttribute("cy", y);
-    const v = +this.dataset.v;
-    pack.vertices.p[v] = [x, y];
-    debug
-      .select("#vertices")
-      .selectAll("polygon")
-      .attr("points", d => getPackPolygon(d));
-    redrawLake();
+
+    const vertexId = d3.select(this).datum();
+    pack.vertices.p[vertexId] = [x, y];
+
+    const feature = getLake();
+
+    // update lake path
+    defs.select("#featurePaths > path#feature_" + feature.i).attr("d", getFeaturePath(feature));
+
+    // update area
+    const points = feature.vertices.map(vertex => pack.vertices.p[vertex]);
+    feature.area = Math.abs(d3.polygonArea(points));
+    byId("lakeArea").value = si(getArea(feature.area)) + " " + getAreaUnit();
+
+    // update cell
+    debug.select("#vertices").selectAll("polygon").attr("points", getPackPolygon);
   }
 
-  function redrawLake() {
-    lineGen.curve(d3.curveBasisClosed);
-    const feature = getLake();
-    const points = feature.vertices.map(v => pack.vertices.p[v]);
-    const d = round(lineGen(points));
-    elSelected.attr("d", d);
-    defs.select("mask#land > path#land_" + feature.i).attr("d", d); // update land mask
-
-    feature.area = Math.abs(d3.polygonArea(points));
-    document.getElementById("lakeArea").value = si(getArea(feature.area)) + " " + getAreaUnit();
+  function handleVertexDragEnd() {
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleStates")) drawStates();
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleProvinces")) drawProvinces();
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleBorders")) drawBorders();
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleBiomes")) drawBiomes();
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleReligions")) drawReligions();
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleCultures")) drawCultures();
   }
 
   function changeName() {
@@ -138,7 +142,7 @@ function editLake() {
 
   function selectLakeGroup(node) {
     const group = node.parentNode.id;
-    const select = document.getElementById("lakeGroup");
+    const select = byId("lakeGroup");
     select.options.length = 0; // remove all options
 
     lakes.selectAll("g").each(function () {
@@ -147,7 +151,7 @@ function editLake() {
   }
 
   function changeLakeGroup() {
-    document.getElementById(this.value).appendChild(elSelected.node());
+    byId(this.value).appendChild(elSelected.node());
     getLake().group = this.value;
   }
 
@@ -172,7 +176,7 @@ function editLake() {
       .replace(/ /g, "_")
       .replace(/[^\w\s]/gi, "");
 
-    if (document.getElementById(group)) {
+    if (byId(group)) {
       tip("Element with this id already exists. Please provide a unique name", false, "error");
       return;
     }
@@ -186,23 +190,23 @@ function editLake() {
     const oldGroup = elSelected.node().parentNode;
     const basic = ["freshwater", "salt", "sinkhole", "frozen", "lava", "dry"].includes(oldGroup.id);
     if (!basic && oldGroup.childElementCount === 1) {
-      document.getElementById("lakeGroup").selectedOptions[0].remove();
-      document.getElementById("lakeGroup").options.add(new Option(group, group, false, true));
+      byId("lakeGroup").selectedOptions[0].remove();
+      byId("lakeGroup").options.add(new Option(group, group, false, true));
       oldGroup.id = group;
       toggleNewGroupInput();
-      document.getElementById("lakeGroupName").value = "";
+      byId("lakeGroupName").value = "";
       return;
     }
 
     // create a new group
     const newGroup = elSelected.node().parentNode.cloneNode(false);
-    document.getElementById("lakes").appendChild(newGroup);
+    byId("lakes").appendChild(newGroup);
     newGroup.id = group;
-    document.getElementById("lakeGroup").options.add(new Option(group, group, false, true));
-    document.getElementById(group).appendChild(elSelected.node());
+    byId("lakeGroup").options.add(new Option(group, group, false, true));
+    byId(group).appendChild(elSelected.node());
 
     toggleNewGroupInput();
-    document.getElementById("lakeGroupName").value = "";
+    byId("lakeGroupName").value = "";
   }
 
   function removeLakeGroup() {
@@ -221,14 +225,14 @@ function editLake() {
       buttons: {
         Remove: function () {
           $(this).dialog("close");
-          const freshwater = document.getElementById("freshwater");
-          const groupEl = document.getElementById(group);
+          const freshwater = byId("freshwater");
+          const groupEl = byId(group);
           while (groupEl.childNodes.length) {
             freshwater.appendChild(groupEl.childNodes[0]);
           }
           groupEl.remove();
-          document.getElementById("lakeGroup").selectedOptions[0].remove();
-          document.getElementById("lakeGroup").value = "freshwater";
+          byId("lakeGroup").selectedOptions[0].remove();
+          byId("lakeGroup").value = "freshwater";
         },
         Cancel: function () {
           $(this).dialog("close");
diff --git a/modules/ui/layers.js b/modules/ui/layers.js
index d717792c..c8438373 100644
--- a/modules/ui/layers.js
+++ b/modules/ui/layers.js
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ function getDefaultPresets() {
   return {
     political: [
       "toggleBorders",
-      "toggleIcons",
+      "toggleBurgIcons",
       "toggleIce",
       "toggleLabels",
       "toggleRivers",
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ function getDefaultPresets() {
     ],
     cultural: [
       "toggleBorders",
+      "toggleBurgIcons",
       "toggleCultures",
-      "toggleIcons",
       "toggleLabels",
       "toggleRivers",
       "toggleRoutes",
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ function getDefaultPresets() {
     ],
     religions: [
       "toggleBorders",
-      "toggleIcons",
+      "toggleBurgIcons",
       "toggleLabels",
       "toggleReligions",
       "toggleRivers",
@@ -37,15 +37,22 @@ function getDefaultPresets() {
       "toggleScaleBar",
       "toggleVignette"
     ],
-    provinces: ["toggleBorders", "toggleIcons", "toggleProvinces", "toggleRivers", "toggleScaleBar", "toggleVignette"],
+    provinces: [
+      "toggleBorders",
+      "toggleBurgIcons",
+      "toggleProvinces",
+      "toggleRivers",
+      "toggleScaleBar",
+      "toggleVignette"
+    ],
     biomes: ["toggleBiomes", "toggleIce", "toggleRivers", "toggleScaleBar", "toggleVignette"],
     heightmap: ["toggleHeight", "toggleRivers", "toggleVignette"],
     physical: ["toggleCoordinates", "toggleHeight", "toggleIce", "toggleRivers", "toggleScaleBar", "toggleVignette"],
     poi: [
       "toggleBorders",
+      "toggleBurgIcons",
       "toggleHeight",
       "toggleIce",
-      "toggleIcons",
       "toggleMarkers",
       "toggleRivers",
       "toggleRoutes",
@@ -54,7 +61,7 @@ function getDefaultPresets() {
     ],
     military: [
       "toggleBorders",
-      "toggleIcons",
+      "toggleBurgIcons",
       "toggleLabels",
       "toggleMilitary",
       "toggleRivers",
@@ -65,7 +72,7 @@ function getDefaultPresets() {
     ],
     emblems: [
       "toggleBorders",
-      "toggleIcons",
+      "toggleBurgIcons",
       "toggleIce",
       "toggleEmblems",
       "toggleRivers",
@@ -92,28 +99,40 @@ function restoreCustomPresets() {
 }
 
 // run on map generation
-function applyPreset() {
+function applyLayersPreset() {
   const preset = localStorage.getItem("preset") || byId("layersPreset").value;
-  changePreset(preset);
+  setLayersPreset(preset);
+
+  const layers = presets[preset]; // layers to be turned on
+  document.querySelectorAll("#mapLayers > li").forEach(el => {
+    const shouldBeOn = layers.includes(el.id);
+    if (shouldBeOn) el.classList.remove("buttonoff");
+    else el.classList.add("buttonoff");
+  });
 }
 
-// toggle layers on preset change
-function changePreset(preset) {
-  const layers = presets[preset]; // layers to be turned on
-  document
-    .getElementById("mapLayers")
-    .querySelectorAll("li")
-    .forEach(function (e) {
-      if (layers.includes(e.id) && !layerIsOn(e.id)) e.click();
-      else if (!layers.includes(e.id) && layerIsOn(e.id)) e.click();
-    });
-  layersPreset.value = preset;
+function setLayersPreset(preset) {
+  byId("layersPreset").value = preset;
   localStorage.setItem("preset", preset);
 
   const isDefault = getDefaultPresets()[preset];
-  removePresetButton.style.display = isDefault ? "none" : "inline-block";
-  savePresetButton.style.display = "none";
-  if (byId("canvas3d")) setTimeout(ThreeD.update(), 400);
+  byId("removePresetButton").style.display = isDefault ? "none" : "inline-block";
+  byId("savePresetButton").style.display = "none";
+}
+
+// toggle layers on manual preset change
+function handleLayersPresetChange(preset) {
+  setLayersPreset(preset);
+
+  const layers = presets[preset]; // layers to be turned on
+  document.querySelectorAll("#mapLayers > li").forEach(el => {
+    const isOn = layerIsOn(el.id);
+    const shouldBeOn = layers.includes(el.id);
+    if (shouldBeOn && !isOn) el.click();
+    if (isOn && !shouldBeOn) el.click();
+  });
+
+  if (byId("canvas3d")) setTimeout(() => ThreeD.update(), 400);
 }
 
 function savePreset() {
@@ -143,17 +162,18 @@ function removePreset() {
 }
 
 function getCurrentPreset() {
-  const layers = Array.from(byId("mapLayers").querySelectorAll("li:not(.buttonoff)"))
+  const layers = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll("#mapLayers > li:not(.buttonoff)"))
     .map(node => node.id)
     .sort();
-  const defaultPresets = getDefaultPresets();
 
   for (const preset in presets) {
-    if (JSON.stringify(presets[preset]) !== JSON.stringify(layers)) continue;
-    layersPreset.value = preset;
-    removePresetButton.style.display = defaultPresets[preset] ? "none" : "inline-block";
-    savePresetButton.style.display = "none";
-    return;
+    if (JSON.stringify(presets[preset].sort()) === JSON.stringify(layers)) {
+      layersPreset.value = preset;
+      const isDefault = getDefaultPresets()[preset];
+      removePresetButton.style.display = isDefault ? "none" : "inline-block";
+      savePresetButton.style.display = "none";
+      return;
+    }
   }
 
   layersPreset.value = "custom";
@@ -161,32 +181,37 @@ function getCurrentPreset() {
   savePresetButton.style.display = "inline-block";
 }
 
-// run on map regeneration
-function restoreLayers() {
+// run on each map generation
+function drawLayers() {
+  drawFeatures();
   if (layerIsOn("toggleTexture")) drawTexture();
   if (layerIsOn("toggleHeight")) drawHeightmap();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleBiomes")) drawBiomes();
   if (layerIsOn("toggleCells")) drawCells();
   if (layerIsOn("toggleGrid")) drawGrid();
   if (layerIsOn("toggleCoordinates")) drawCoordinates();
   if (layerIsOn("toggleCompass")) compass.style("display", "block");
-  if (layerIsOn("toggleRoutes")) drawRoutes();
-  if (layerIsOn("toggleTemp")) drawTemp();
-  if (layerIsOn("togglePrec")) drawPrec();
-  if (layerIsOn("togglePopulation")) drawPopulation();
-  if (layerIsOn("toggleBiomes")) drawBiomes();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleRivers")) drawRivers();
   if (layerIsOn("toggleRelief")) ReliefIcons.draw();
-  if (layerIsOn("toggleCultures")) drawCultures();
-  if (layerIsOn("toggleProvinces")) drawProvinces();
   if (layerIsOn("toggleReligions")) drawReligions();
-  if (layerIsOn("toggleIce")) drawIce();
-  if (layerIsOn("toggleEmblems")) drawEmblems();
-  if (layerIsOn("toggleMarkers")) drawMarkers();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleCultures")) drawCultures();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleStates")) drawStates();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleProvinces")) drawProvinces();
   if (layerIsOn("toggleZones")) drawZones();
-
-  // some layers are rendered each time, remove them if they are not on
-  if (!layerIsOn("toggleBorders")) borders.selectAll("path").remove();
-  if (!layerIsOn("toggleStates")) regions.selectAll("path").remove();
-  if (!layerIsOn("toggleRivers")) rivers.selectAll("*").remove();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleBorders")) drawBorders();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleRoutes")) drawRoutes();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleTemperature")) drawTemperature();
+  if (layerIsOn("togglePopulation")) drawPopulation();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleIce")) drawIce();
+  if (layerIsOn("togglePrecipitation")) drawPrecipitation();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleEmblems")) drawEmblems();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleLabels")) drawLabels();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleBurgIcons")) drawBurgIcons();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleMilitary")) drawMilitary();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleMarkers")) drawMarkers();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleRulers")) rulers.draw();
+  // scale bar
+  // vignette
 }
 
 function toggleHeight(event) {
@@ -204,369 +229,54 @@ function toggleHeight(event) {
   }
 }
 
-function drawHeightmap() {
-  TIME && console.time("drawHeightmap");
-
-  const ocean = terrs.select("#oceanHeights");
-  const land = terrs.select("#landHeights");
-
-  ocean.selectAll("*").remove();
-  land.selectAll("*").remove();
-
-  const paths = new Array(101);
-
-  // ocean cells
-  const renderOceanCells = Boolean(+ocean.attr("data-render"));
-  if (renderOceanCells) {
-    const {cells, vertices} = grid;
-    const used = new Uint8Array(cells.i.length);
-
-    const skip = +ocean.attr("skip") + 1 || 1;
-    const relax = +ocean.attr("relax") || 0;
-    lineGen.curve(d3[ocean.attr("curve") || "curveBasisClosed"]);
-
-    let currentLayer = 0;
-    const heights = Array.from(cells.i).sort((a, b) => cells.h[a] - cells.h[b]);
-
-    for (const i of heights) {
-      const h = cells.h[i];
-      if (h > currentLayer) currentLayer += skip;
-      if (h < currentLayer) continue;
-      if (currentLayer >= 20) break;
-      if (used[i]) continue; // already marked
-      const onborder = cells.c[i].some(n => cells.h[n] < h);
-      if (!onborder) continue;
-      const vertex = cells.v[i].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(i => cells.h[i] < h));
-      const chain = connectVertices(cells, vertices, vertex, h, used);
-      if (chain.length < 3) continue;
-      const points = simplifyLine(chain, relax).map(v => vertices.p[v]);
-      if (!paths[h]) paths[h] = "";
-      paths[h] += round(lineGen(points));
-    }
-  }
-
-  // land cells
-  {
-    const {cells, vertices} = pack;
-    const used = new Uint8Array(cells.i.length);
-
-    const skip = +land.attr("skip") + 1 || 1;
-    const relax = +land.attr("relax") || 0;
-    lineGen.curve(d3[land.attr("curve") || "curveBasisClosed"]);
-
-    let currentLayer = 20;
-    const heights = Array.from(cells.i).sort((a, b) => cells.h[a] - cells.h[b]);
-    for (const i of heights) {
-      const h = cells.h[i];
-      if (h > currentLayer) currentLayer += skip;
-      if (h < currentLayer) continue;
-      if (currentLayer > 100) break; // no layers possible with height > 100
-      if (used[i]) continue; // already marked
-      const onborder = cells.c[i].some(n => cells.h[n] < h);
-      if (!onborder) continue;
-      const vertex = cells.v[i].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(i => cells.h[i] < h));
-      const chain = connectVertices(cells, vertices, vertex, h, used);
-      if (chain.length < 3) continue;
-      const points = simplifyLine(chain, relax).map(v => vertices.p[v]);
-      if (!paths[h]) paths[h] = "";
-      paths[h] += round(lineGen(points));
-    }
-  }
-
-  // render paths
-  for (const height of d3.range(0, 101)) {
-    const group = height < 20 ? ocean : land;
-    const scheme = getColorScheme(group.attr("scheme"));
-
-    if (height === 0 && renderOceanCells) {
-      // draw base ocean layer
-      group
-        .append("rect")
-        .attr("x", 0)
-        .attr("y", 0)
-        .attr("width", graphWidth)
-        .attr("height", graphHeight)
-        .attr("fill", scheme(1));
-    }
-
-    if (height === 20) {
-      // draw base land layer
-      group
-        .append("rect")
-        .attr("x", 0)
-        .attr("y", 0)
-        .attr("width", graphWidth)
-        .attr("height", graphHeight)
-        .attr("fill", scheme(0.8));
-    }
-
-    if (paths[height] && paths[height].length >= 10) {
-      const terracing = group.attr("terracing") / 10 || 0;
-      const color = getColor(height, scheme);
-
-      if (terracing) {
-        group
-          .append("path")
-          .attr("d", paths[height])
-          .attr("transform", "translate(.7,1.4)")
-          .attr("fill", d3.color(color).darker(terracing))
-          .attr("data-height", height);
-      }
-      group.append("path").attr("d", paths[height]).attr("fill", color).attr("data-height", height);
-    }
-  }
-
-  // connect vertices to chain
-  function connectVertices(cells, vertices, start, h, used) {
-    const n = cells.i.length;
-    const chain = []; // vertices chain to form a path
-    for (let i = 0, current = start; i === 0 || (current !== start && i < 20000); i++) {
-      const prev = chain[chain.length - 1]; // previous vertex in chain
-      chain.push(current); // add current vertex to sequence
-      const c = vertices.c[current]; // cells adjacent to vertex
-      c.filter(c => cells.h[c] === h).forEach(c => (used[c] = 1));
-      const c0 = c[0] >= n || cells.h[c[0]] < h;
-      const c1 = c[1] >= n || cells.h[c[1]] < h;
-      const c2 = c[2] >= n || cells.h[c[2]] < h;
-      const v = vertices.v[current]; // neighboring vertices
-      if (v[0] !== prev && c0 !== c1) current = v[0];
-      else if (v[1] !== prev && c1 !== c2) current = v[1];
-      else if (v[2] !== prev && c0 !== c2) current = v[2];
-      if (current === chain[chain.length - 1]) {
-        ERROR && console.error("Next vertex is not found");
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    return chain;
-  }
-
-  function simplifyLine(chain, simplification) {
-    if (!simplification) return chain;
-    const n = simplification + 1; // filter each nth element
-    return chain.filter((d, i) => i % n === 0);
-  }
-
-  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawHeightmap");
-}
-
-function getColor(value, scheme = getColorScheme("bright")) {
-  return scheme(1 - (value < 20 ? value - 5 : value) / 100);
-}
-
-function toggleTemp(event) {
+function toggleTemperature(event) {
   if (!temperature.selectAll("*").size()) {
-    turnButtonOn("toggleTemp");
-    drawTemp();
+    turnButtonOn("toggleTemperature");
+    drawTemperature();
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) editStyle("temperature");
   } else {
-    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) {
-      editStyle("temperature");
-      return;
-    }
-    turnButtonOff("toggleTemp");
+    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) return editStyle("temperature");
+    turnButtonOff("toggleTemperature");
     temperature.selectAll("*").remove();
   }
 }
 
-function drawTemp() {
-  TIME && console.time("drawTemp");
-  temperature.selectAll("*").remove();
-  lineGen.curve(d3.curveBasisClosed);
-  const scheme = d3.scaleSequential(d3.interpolateSpectral);
-  const tMax = +temperatureEquatorOutput.max,
-    tMin = +temperatureEquatorOutput.min,
-    delta = tMax - tMin;
-
-  const cells = grid.cells,
-    vertices = grid.vertices,
-    n = cells.i.length;
-  const used = new Uint8Array(n); // to detect already passed cells
-  const min = d3.min(cells.temp),
-    max = d3.max(cells.temp);
-  const step = Math.max(Math.round(Math.abs(min - max) / 5), 1);
-  const isolines = d3.range(min + step, max, step);
-  const chains = [],
-    labels = []; // store label coordinates
-
-  for (const i of cells.i) {
-    const t = cells.temp[i];
-    if (used[i] || !isolines.includes(t)) continue;
-    const start = findStart(i, t);
-    if (!start) continue;
-    used[i] = 1;
-
-    const chain = connectVertices(start, t); // vertices chain to form a path
-    const relaxed = chain.filter((v, i) => i % 4 === 0 || vertices.c[v].some(c => c >= n));
-    if (relaxed.length < 6) continue;
-    const points = relaxed.map(v => vertices.p[v]);
-    chains.push([t, points]);
-    addLabel(points, t);
-  }
-
-  // min temp isoline covers all graph
-  temperature
-    .append("path")
-    .attr("d", `M0,0 h${graphWidth} v${graphHeight} h${-graphWidth} Z`)
-    .attr("fill", scheme(1 - (min - tMin) / delta))
-    .attr("stroke", "none");
-
-  for (const t of isolines) {
-    const path = chains
-      .filter(c => c[0] === t)
-      .map(c => round(lineGen(c[1])))
-      .join("");
-    if (!path) continue;
-    const fill = scheme(1 - (t - tMin) / delta),
-      stroke = d3.color(fill).darker(0.2);
-    temperature.append("path").attr("d", path).attr("fill", fill).attr("stroke", stroke);
-  }
-
-  const tempLabels = temperature.append("g").attr("id", "tempLabels").attr("fill-opacity", 1);
-  tempLabels
-    .selectAll("text")
-    .data(labels)
-    .enter()
-    .append("text")
-    .attr("x", d => d[0])
-    .attr("y", d => d[1])
-    .text(d => convertTemperature(d[2]));
-
-  // find cell with temp < isotherm and find vertex to start path detection
-  function findStart(i, t) {
-    if (cells.b[i]) return cells.v[i].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(c => c >= n)); // map border cell
-    return cells.v[i][cells.c[i].findIndex(c => cells.temp[c] < t || !cells.temp[c])];
-  }
-
-  function addLabel(points, t) {
-    const c = svgWidth / 2; // map center x coordinate
-    // add label on isoline top center
-    const tc = points[d3.scan(points, (a, b) => a[1] - b[1] + (Math.abs(a[0] - c) - Math.abs(b[0] - c)) / 2)];
-    pushLabel(tc[0], tc[1], t);
-
-    // add label on isoline bottom center
-    if (points.length > 20) {
-      const bc = points[d3.scan(points, (a, b) => b[1] - a[1] + (Math.abs(a[0] - c) - Math.abs(b[0] - c)) / 2)];
-      const dist2 = (tc[1] - bc[1]) ** 2 + (tc[0] - bc[0]) ** 2; // square distance between this and top point
-      if (dist2 > 100) pushLabel(bc[0], bc[1], t);
-    }
-  }
-
-  function pushLabel(x, y, t) {
-    if (x < 20 || x > svgWidth - 20) return;
-    if (y < 20 || y > svgHeight - 20) return;
-    labels.push([x, y, t]);
-  }
-
-  // connect vertices to chain
-  function connectVertices(start, t) {
-    const chain = []; // vertices chain to form a path
-    for (let i = 0, current = start; i === 0 || (current !== start && i < 20000); i++) {
-      const prev = chain[chain.length - 1]; // previous vertex in chain
-      chain.push(current); // add current vertex to sequence
-      const c = vertices.c[current]; // cells adjacent to vertex
-      c.filter(c => cells.temp[c] === t).forEach(c => (used[c] = 1));
-      const c0 = c[0] >= n || cells.temp[c[0]] < t;
-      const c1 = c[1] >= n || cells.temp[c[1]] < t;
-      const c2 = c[2] >= n || cells.temp[c[2]] < t;
-      const v = vertices.v[current]; // neighboring vertices
-      if (v[0] !== prev && c0 !== c1) current = v[0];
-      else if (v[1] !== prev && c1 !== c2) current = v[1];
-      else if (v[2] !== prev && c0 !== c2) current = v[2];
-      if (current === chain[chain.length - 1]) {
-        ERROR && console.error("Next vertex is not found");
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    chain.push(start);
-    return chain;
-  }
-  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawTemp");
-}
-
 function toggleBiomes(event) {
   if (!biomes.selectAll("path").size()) {
     turnButtonOn("toggleBiomes");
     drawBiomes();
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) editStyle("biomes");
   } else {
-    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) {
-      editStyle("biomes");
-      return;
-    }
+    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) return editStyle("biomes");
     biomes.selectAll("path").remove();
     turnButtonOff("toggleBiomes");
   }
 }
 
 function drawBiomes() {
-  biomes.selectAll("path").remove();
-  const cells = pack.cells,
-    vertices = pack.vertices,
-    n = cells.i.length;
-  const used = new Uint8Array(cells.i.length);
-  const paths = new Array(biomesData.i.length).fill("");
+  TIME && console.time("drawBiomes");
 
-  for (const i of cells.i) {
-    if (!cells.biome[i]) continue; // no need to mark marine biome (liquid water)
-    if (used[i]) continue; // already marked
-    const b = cells.biome[i];
-    const onborder = cells.c[i].some(n => cells.biome[n] !== b);
-    if (!onborder) continue;
-    const edgeVerticle = cells.v[i].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(i => cells.biome[i] !== b));
-    const chain = connectVertices(edgeVerticle, b);
-    if (chain.length < 3) continue;
-    const points = clipPoly(
-      chain.map(v => vertices.p[v]),
-      1
-    );
-    paths[b] += "M" + points.join("L") + "Z";
-  }
-
-  paths.forEach(function (d, i) {
-    if (d.length < 10) return;
-    biomes
-      .append("path")
-      .attr("d", d)
-      .attr("fill", biomesData.color[i])
-      .attr("stroke", biomesData.color[i])
-      .attr("id", "biome" + i);
+  const cells = pack.cells;
+  const bodyPaths = new Array(biomesData.i.length - 1);
+  const isolines = getIsolines(pack, cellId => cells.biome[cellId], {fill: true, waterGap: true});
+  Object.entries(isolines).forEach(([index, {fill, waterGap}]) => {
+    const color = biomesData.color[index];
+    bodyPaths.push(getGappedFillPaths("biome", fill, waterGap, color, index));
   });
 
-  // connect vertices to chain
-  function connectVertices(start, b) {
-    const chain = []; // vertices chain to form a path
-    for (let i = 0, current = start; i === 0 || (current !== start && i < 20000); i++) {
-      const prev = chain[chain.length - 1]; // previous vertex in chain
-      chain.push(current); // add current vertex to sequence
-      const c = vertices.c[current]; // cells adjacent to vertex
-      c.filter(c => cells.biome[c] === b).forEach(c => (used[c] = 1));
-      const c0 = c[0] >= n || cells.biome[c[0]] !== b;
-      const c1 = c[1] >= n || cells.biome[c[1]] !== b;
-      const c2 = c[2] >= n || cells.biome[c[2]] !== b;
-      const v = vertices.v[current]; // neighboring vertices
-      if (v[0] !== prev && c0 !== c1) current = v[0];
-      else if (v[1] !== prev && c1 !== c2) current = v[1];
-      else if (v[2] !== prev && c0 !== c2) current = v[2];
-      if (current === chain[chain.length - 1]) {
-        ERROR && console.error("Next vertex is not found");
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    return chain;
-  }
+  byId("biomes").innerHTML = bodyPaths.join("");
+
+  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawBiomes");
 }
 
-function togglePrec(event) {
+function togglePrecipitation(event) {
   if (!prec.selectAll("circle").size()) {
-    turnButtonOn("togglePrec");
-    drawPrec();
+    turnButtonOn("togglePrecipitation");
+    drawPrecipitation();
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) editStyle("prec");
   } else {
-    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) {
-      editStyle("prec");
-      return;
-    }
-    turnButtonOff("togglePrec");
+    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) return editStyle("prec");
+    turnButtonOff("togglePrecipitation");
     const hide = d3.transition().duration(1000).ease(d3.easeSinIn);
     prec.selectAll("text").attr("opacity", 1).transition(hide).attr("opacity", 0);
     prec.selectAll("circle").transition(hide).attr("r", 0).remove();
@@ -574,11 +284,12 @@ function togglePrec(event) {
   }
 }
 
-function drawPrec() {
+function drawPrecipitation() {
+  TIME && console.time("drawPrecipitation");
+
   prec.selectAll("circle").remove();
   const {cells, points} = grid;
 
-  prec.style("display", "block");
   const show = d3.transition().duration(800).ease(d3.easeSinIn);
   prec.selectAll("text").attr("opacity", 0).transition(show).attr("opacity", 1);
 
@@ -587,6 +298,7 @@ function drawPrec() {
   const getRadius = prec => rn(Math.sqrt(prec / 4) / cellsNumberModifier, 2);
 
   prec
+    .style("display", "block")
     .selectAll("circle")
     .data(data)
     .enter()
@@ -596,6 +308,8 @@ function drawPrec() {
     .attr("r", 0)
     .transition(show)
     .attr("r", d => getRadius(cells.prec[d]));
+
+  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawPrecipitation");
 }
 
 function togglePopulation(event) {
@@ -604,11 +318,9 @@ function togglePopulation(event) {
     drawPopulation();
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) editStyle("population");
   } else {
-    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) {
-      editStyle("population");
-      return;
-    }
+    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) return editStyle("population");
     turnButtonOff("togglePopulation");
+
     const isD3data = population.select("line").datum();
     if (!isD3data) {
       // just remove
@@ -633,17 +345,17 @@ function togglePopulation(event) {
   }
 }
 
-function drawPopulation(event) {
+function drawPopulation() {
   population.selectAll("line").remove();
-  const cells = pack.cells,
-    p = cells.p,
-    burgs = pack.burgs;
+
+  const {cells, burgs} = pack;
   const show = d3.transition().duration(2000).ease(d3.easeSinIn);
 
   const rural = Array.from(
     cells.i.filter(i => cells.pop[i] > 0),
-    i => [p[i][0], p[i][1], p[i][1] - cells.pop[i] / 8]
+    i => [...cells.p[i], cells.p[i][1] - cells.pop[i] / 5]
   );
+
   population
     .select("#rural")
     .selectAll("line")
@@ -657,7 +369,7 @@ function drawPopulation(event) {
     .transition(show)
     .attr("y2", d => d[2]);
 
-  const urban = burgs.filter(b => b.i && !b.removed).map(b => [b.x, b.y, b.y - (b.population / 8) * urbanization]);
+  const urban = burgs.filter(b => b.i && !b.removed).map(b => [b.x, b.y, b.y - (b.population / 5) * urbanization]);
   population
     .select("#urban")
     .selectAll("line")
@@ -679,22 +391,17 @@ function toggleCells(event) {
     drawCells();
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) editStyle("cells");
   } else {
-    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) {
-      editStyle("cells");
-      return;
-    }
+    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) return editStyle("cells");
     cells.selectAll("path").remove();
     turnButtonOff("toggleCells");
   }
 }
 
 function drawCells() {
-  cells.selectAll("path").remove();
-  const data = customization === 1 ? grid.cells.i : pack.cells.i;
+  const cells = customization === 1 ? grid.cells.i : pack.cells.i;
   const polygon = customization === 1 ? getGridPolygon : getPackPolygon;
-  let path = "";
-  data.forEach(i => (path += "M" + polygon(i)));
-  cells.append("path").attr("d", path);
+  const paths = Array.from(cells).map(i => "M" + polygon(i));
+  byId("cells").innerHTML = `<path d="${paths.join("")}" />`;
 }
 
 function toggleIce(event) {
@@ -704,84 +411,55 @@ function toggleIce(event) {
     if (!ice.selectAll("*").size()) drawIce();
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) editStyle("ice");
   } else {
-    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) {
-      editStyle("ice");
-      return;
-    }
+    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) return editStyle("ice");
     $("#ice").fadeOut();
     turnButtonOff("toggleIce");
   }
 }
 
 function drawIce() {
-  const {cells, vertices} = grid;
-  const {temp, h} = cells;
-  const n = cells.i.length;
+  TIME && console.time("drawIce");
 
-  const used = new Uint8Array(cells.i.length);
+  const {cells, features} = grid;
+  const {temp, h} = cells;
   Math.random = aleaPRNG(seed);
 
-  const shieldMin = -8; // max temp to form ice shield (glacier)
-  const icebergMax = 1; // max temp to form an iceberg
+  const ICEBERG_MAX_TEMP = 1;
+  const ICE_SHIELD_MAX_TEMP = -8;
 
-  for (const i of grid.cells.i) {
-    const t = temp[i];
-    if (t > icebergMax) continue; // too warm: no ice
-    if (t > shieldMin && h[i] >= 20) continue; // non-glacier land: no ice
+  // very cold: draw ice shields
+  {
+    const type = "iceShield";
+    const getType = cellId => (temp[cellId] <= ICE_SHIELD_MAX_TEMP ? type : null);
+    const isolines = getIsolines(grid, getType, {polygons: true});
+    isolines[type]?.polygons?.forEach(points => {
+      const clipped = clipPoly(points);
+      ice.append("polygon").attr("points", clipped).attr("type", type);
+    });
+  }
 
-    if (t <= shieldMin) {
-      // very cold: ice shield
-      if (used[i]) continue; // already rendered
-      const onborder = cells.c[i].some(n => temp[n] > shieldMin);
-      if (!onborder) continue; // need to start from onborder cell
-      const vertex = cells.v[i].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(i => temp[i] > shieldMin));
-      const chain = connectVertices(vertex);
-      if (chain.length < 3) continue;
-      const points = clipPoly(chain.map(v => vertices.p[v]));
-      ice.append("polygon").attr("points", points).attr("type", "iceShield");
-      continue;
-    }
+  // mildly cold: draw icebergs
+  for (const cellId of grid.cells.i) {
+    const t = temp[cellId];
+    if (t > ICEBERG_MAX_TEMP) continue; // too warm: no icebergs
+    if (t <= ICE_SHIELD_MAX_TEMP) continue; // already drawn as ice shield
+    if (h[cellId] >= 20) continue; // no icebergs on land
+    if (features[cells.f[cellId]].type === "lake") continue; // no icebers on lakes
 
     const tNormalized = normalize(t, -8, 2);
     const randomFactor = t > -5 ? 0.4 + rand() * 1.2 : 1;
-
-    // mildly cold: iceberd
     if (P(tNormalized ** 0.5 * randomFactor)) continue; // cold: skip some cells
-    if (grid.features[cells.f[i]].type === "lake") continue; // lake: no icebers
 
-    let size = 1 - tNormalized; // iceberg size: 0 = zero size, 1 = full size
-    if (cells.t[i] === -1) size /= 1.3; // coasline: smaller icebers
-    resizePolygon(i, minmax(rn(size * randomFactor, 2), 0.08, 1));
+    let defaultSize = 1 - tNormalized; // iceberg size: 0 = zero size, 1 = full size
+    if (cells.t[cellId] === -1) defaultSize /= 1.3; // coasline: smaller icebergs
+    const size = minmax(rn(defaultSize * randomFactor, 2), 0.08, 1);
+
+    const [cx, cy] = grid.points[cellId];
+    const points = getGridPolygon(cellId).map(([x, y]) => [rn(lerp(cx, x, size), 2), rn(lerp(cy, y, size), 2)]);
+    ice.append("polygon").attr("points", points).attr("cell", cellId).attr("size", size);
   }
 
-  function resizePolygon(i, size) {
-    const [cx, cy] = grid.points[i];
-    const points = getGridPolygon(i).map(([x, y]) => [rn(lerp(cx, x, size), 2), rn(lerp(cy, y, size), 2)]);
-    ice.append("polygon").attr("points", points).attr("cell", i).attr("size", size);
-  }
-
-  // connect vertices to chain
-  function connectVertices(start) {
-    const chain = []; // vertices chain to form a path
-    for (let i = 0, current = start; i === 0 || (current !== start && i < 20000); i++) {
-      const prev = last(chain); // previous vertex in chain
-      chain.push(current); // add current vertex to sequence
-      const c = vertices.c[current]; // cells adjacent to vertex
-      c.filter(c => temp[c] <= shieldMin).forEach(c => (used[c] = 1));
-      const c0 = c[0] >= n || temp[c[0]] > shieldMin;
-      const c1 = c[1] >= n || temp[c[1]] > shieldMin;
-      const c2 = c[2] >= n || temp[c[2]] > shieldMin;
-      const v = vertices.v[current]; // neighboring vertices
-      if (v[0] !== prev && c0 !== c1) current = v[0];
-      else if (v[1] !== prev && c1 !== c2) current = v[1];
-      else if (v[2] !== prev && c0 !== c2) current = v[2];
-      if (current === chain[chain.length - 1]) {
-        ERROR && console.error("Next vertex is not found");
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    return chain;
-  }
+  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawIce");
 }
 
 function toggleCultures(event) {
@@ -792,10 +470,7 @@ function toggleCultures(event) {
     drawCultures();
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) editStyle("cults");
   } else {
-    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) {
-      editStyle("cults");
-      return;
-    }
+    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) return editStyle("cults");
     cults.selectAll("path").remove();
     turnButtonOff("toggleCultures");
   }
@@ -803,59 +478,17 @@ function toggleCultures(event) {
 
 function drawCultures() {
   TIME && console.time("drawCultures");
+  const {cells, cultures} = pack;
 
-  cults.selectAll("path").remove();
-  const {cells, vertices, cultures} = pack;
-  const n = cells.i.length;
-  const used = new Uint8Array(cells.i.length);
-  const paths = new Array(cultures.length).fill("");
+  const bodyPaths = new Array(cultures.length - 1);
+  const isolines = getIsolines(pack, cellId => cells.culture[cellId], {fill: true, waterGap: true});
+  Object.entries(isolines).forEach(([index, {fill, waterGap}]) => {
+    const color = cultures[index].color;
+    bodyPaths.push(getGappedFillPaths("culture", fill, waterGap, color, index));
+  });
 
-  for (const i of cells.i) {
-    if (!cells.culture[i]) continue;
-    if (used[i]) continue;
-    used[i] = 1;
-    const c = cells.culture[i];
-    const onborder = cells.c[i].some(n => cells.culture[n] !== c);
-    if (!onborder) continue;
-    const vertex = cells.v[i].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(i => cells.culture[i] !== c));
-    const chain = connectVertices(vertex, c);
-    if (chain.length < 3) continue;
-    const points = chain.map(v => vertices.p[v]);
-    paths[c] += "M" + points.join("L") + "Z";
-  }
+  byId("cults").innerHTML = bodyPaths.join("");
 
-  const data = paths.map((p, i) => [p, i]).filter(d => d[0].length > 10);
-  cults
-    .selectAll("path")
-    .data(data)
-    .enter()
-    .append("path")
-    .attr("d", d => d[0])
-    .attr("fill", d => cultures[d[1]].color)
-    .attr("id", d => "culture" + d[1]);
-
-  // connect vertices to chain
-  function connectVertices(start, t) {
-    const chain = []; // vertices chain to form a path
-    for (let i = 0, current = start; i === 0 || (current !== start && i < 20000); i++) {
-      const prev = chain[chain.length - 1]; // previous vertex in chain
-      chain.push(current); // add current vertex to sequence
-      const c = vertices.c[current]; // cells adjacent to vertex
-      c.filter(c => cells.culture[c] === t).forEach(c => (used[c] = 1));
-      const c0 = c[0] >= n || cells.culture[c[0]] !== t;
-      const c1 = c[1] >= n || cells.culture[c[1]] !== t;
-      const c2 = c[2] >= n || cells.culture[c[2]] !== t;
-      const v = vertices.v[current]; // neighboring vertices
-      if (v[0] !== prev && c0 !== c1) current = v[0];
-      else if (v[1] !== prev && c1 !== c2) current = v[1];
-      else if (v[2] !== prev && c0 !== c2) current = v[2];
-      if (current === chain[chain.length - 1]) {
-        ERROR && console.error("Next vertex is not found");
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    return chain;
-  }
   TIME && console.timeEnd("drawCultures");
 }
 
@@ -866,10 +499,7 @@ function toggleReligions(event) {
     drawReligions();
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) editStyle("relig");
   } else {
-    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) {
-      editStyle("relig");
-      return;
-    }
+    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) return editStyle("relig");
     relig.selectAll("path").remove();
     turnButtonOff("toggleReligions");
   }
@@ -877,263 +507,60 @@ function toggleReligions(event) {
 
 function drawReligions() {
   TIME && console.time("drawReligions");
+  const {cells, religions} = pack;
 
-  relig.selectAll("path").remove();
-  const {cells, vertices, religions} = pack;
-  const n = cells.i.length;
+  const bodyPaths = new Array(religions.length - 1);
+  const isolines = getIsolines(pack, cellId => cells.religion[cellId], {fill: true, waterGap: true});
+  Object.entries(isolines).forEach(([index, {fill, waterGap}]) => {
+    const color = religions[index].color;
+    bodyPaths.push(getGappedFillPaths("religion", fill, waterGap, color, index));
+  });
 
-  const used = new Uint8Array(cells.i.length);
-  const vArray = new Array(religions.length); // store vertices array
-  const body = new Array(religions.length).fill(""); // store path around each religion
-  const gap = new Array(religions.length).fill(""); // store path along water for each religion to fill the gaps
+  byId("relig").innerHTML = bodyPaths.join("");
 
-  for (const i of cells.i) {
-    if (!cells.religion[i]) continue;
-    if (used[i]) continue;
-    used[i] = 1;
-    const r = cells.religion[i];
-    const onborder = cells.c[i].filter(n => cells.religion[n] !== r);
-    if (!onborder.length) continue;
-    const borderWith = cells.c[i].map(c => cells.religion[c]).find(n => n !== r);
-    const vertex = cells.v[i].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(i => cells.religion[i] === borderWith));
-    const chain = connectVertices(vertex, r, borderWith);
-    if (chain.length < 3) continue;
-    const points = chain.map(v => vertices.p[v[0]]);
-    if (!vArray[r]) vArray[r] = [];
-    vArray[r].push(points);
-    body[r] += "M" + points.join("L") + "Z";
-    gap[r] +=
-      "M" +
-      vertices.p[chain[0][0]] +
-      chain.reduce(
-        (r2, v, i, d) =>
-          !i ? r2 : !v[2] ? r2 + "L" + vertices.p[v[0]] : d[i + 1] && !d[i + 1][2] ? r2 + "M" + vertices.p[v[0]] : r2,
-        ""
-      );
-  }
-
-  const bodyData = body.map((p, i) => [p.length > 10 ? p : null, i, religions[i].color]).filter(d => d[0]);
-  relig
-    .selectAll("path")
-    .data(bodyData)
-    .enter()
-    .append("path")
-    .attr("d", d => d[0])
-    .attr("fill", d => d[2])
-    .attr("id", d => "religion" + d[1]);
-  const gapData = gap.map((p, i) => [p.length > 10 ? p : null, i, religions[i].color]).filter(d => d[0]);
-  relig
-    .selectAll(".path")
-    .data(gapData)
-    .enter()
-    .append("path")
-    .attr("d", d => d[0])
-    .attr("fill", "none")
-    .attr("stroke", d => d[2])
-    .attr("id", d => "religion-gap" + d[1])
-    .attr("stroke-width", "10px");
-
-  // connect vertices to chain
-  function connectVertices(start, t, religion) {
-    const chain = []; // vertices chain to form a path
-    let land = vertices.c[start].some(c => cells.h[c] >= 20 && cells.religion[c] !== t);
-    function check(i) {
-      religion = cells.religion[i];
-      land = cells.h[i] >= 20;
-    }
-
-    for (let i = 0, current = start; i === 0 || (current !== start && i < 20000); i++) {
-      const prev = chain[chain.length - 1] ? chain[chain.length - 1][0] : -1; // previous vertex in chain
-      chain.push([current, religion, land]); // add current vertex to sequence
-      const c = vertices.c[current]; // cells adjacent to vertex
-      c.filter(c => cells.religion[c] === t).forEach(c => (used[c] = 1));
-      const c0 = c[0] >= n || cells.religion[c[0]] !== t;
-      const c1 = c[1] >= n || cells.religion[c[1]] !== t;
-      const c2 = c[2] >= n || cells.religion[c[2]] !== t;
-      const v = vertices.v[current]; // neighboring vertices
-      if (v[0] !== prev && c0 !== c1) {
-        current = v[0];
-        check(c0 ? c[0] : c[1]);
-      } else if (v[1] !== prev && c1 !== c2) {
-        current = v[1];
-        check(c1 ? c[1] : c[2]);
-      } else if (v[2] !== prev && c0 !== c2) {
-        current = v[2];
-        check(c2 ? c[2] : c[0]);
-      }
-      if (current === chain[chain.length - 1][0]) {
-        ERROR && console.error("Next vertex is not found");
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    return chain;
-  }
   TIME && console.timeEnd("drawReligions");
 }
 
 function toggleStates(event) {
   if (!layerIsOn("toggleStates")) {
     turnButtonOn("toggleStates");
-    regions.style("display", null);
     drawStates();
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) editStyle("regions");
   } else {
-    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) {
-      editStyle("regions");
-      return;
-    }
-    regions.style("display", "none").selectAll("path").remove();
+    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) return editStyle("regions");
+    regions.selectAll("path").remove();
     turnButtonOff("toggleStates");
   }
 }
 
 function drawStates() {
   TIME && console.time("drawStates");
-  regions.selectAll("path").remove();
+  const {cells, states} = pack;
 
-  const {cells, vertices, features} = pack;
-  const states = pack.states;
-  const n = cells.i.length;
+  const maxLength = states.length - 1;
+  const bodyPaths = new Array(maxLength);
+  const clipPaths = new Array(maxLength);
+  const haloPaths = new Array(maxLength);
 
-  const used = new Uint8Array(cells.i.length);
-  const vArray = new Array(states.length); // store vertices array
-  const body = new Array(states.length).fill(""); // path around each state
-  const gap = new Array(states.length).fill(""); // path along water for each state to fill the gaps
-  const halo = new Array(states.length).fill(""); // path around states, but not lakes
+  const renderHalo = shapeRendering.value === "geometricPrecision";
+  const isolines = getIsolines(pack, cellId => cells.state[cellId], {fill: true, waterGap: true, halo: renderHalo});
+  Object.entries(isolines).forEach(([index, {fill, waterGap, halo}]) => {
+    const color = states[index].color;
+    bodyPaths.push(getGappedFillPaths("state", fill, waterGap, color, index));
 
-  const getStringPoint = v => vertices.p[v[0]].join(",");
-
-  // define inner-state lakes to omit on border render
-  const innerLakes = features.map(feature => {
-    if (feature.type !== "lake") return false;
-    if (!feature.shoreline) Lakes.getShoreline(feature);
-
-    const states = feature.shoreline.map(i => cells.state[i]);
-    return new Set(states).size > 1 ? false : true;
-  });
-
-  for (const i of cells.i) {
-    if (!cells.state[i] || used[i]) continue;
-    const state = cells.state[i];
-
-    const onborder = cells.c[i].some(n => cells.state[n] !== state);
-    if (!onborder) continue;
-
-    const borderWith = cells.c[i].map(c => cells.state[c]).find(n => n !== state);
-    const vertex = cells.v[i].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(i => cells.state[i] === borderWith));
-    const chain = connectVertices(vertex, state);
-
-    const noInnerLakes = chain.filter(v => v[1] !== "innerLake");
-    if (noInnerLakes.length < 3) continue;
-
-    // get path around the state
-    if (!vArray[state]) vArray[state] = [];
-    const points = noInnerLakes.map(v => vertices.p[v[0]]);
-    vArray[state].push(points);
-    body[state] += "M" + points.join("L");
-
-    // connect path for halo
-    let discontinued = true;
-    halo[state] += noInnerLakes
-      .map(v => {
-        if (v[1] === "border") {
-          discontinued = true;
-          return "";
-        }
-
-        const operation = discontinued ? "M" : "L";
-        discontinued = false;
-        return `${operation}${getStringPoint(v)}`;
-      })
-      .join("");
-
-    // connect gaps between state and water into a single path
-    discontinued = true;
-    gap[state] += chain
-      .map(v => {
-        if (v[1] === "land") {
-          discontinued = true;
-          return "";
-        }
-
-        const operation = discontinued ? "M" : "L";
-        discontinued = false;
-        return `${operation}${getStringPoint(v)}`;
-      })
-      .join("");
-  }
-
-  // find state visual center
-  vArray.forEach((ar, i) => {
-    const sorted = ar.sort((a, b) => b.length - a.length); // sort by points number
-    states[i].pole = polylabel(sorted, 1.0); // pole of inaccessibility
-  });
-
-  const bodyData = body.map((p, s) => [p.length > 10 ? p : null, s, states[s].color]).filter(d => d[0]);
-  const gapData = gap.map((p, s) => [p.length > 10 ? p : null, s, states[s].color]).filter(d => d[0]);
-
-  const bodyString = bodyData.map(d => `<path id="state${d[1]}" d="${d[0]}" fill="${d[2]}" stroke="none"/>`).join("");
-  const gapString = gapData.map(d => `<path id="state-gap${d[1]}" d="${d[0]}" fill="none" stroke="${d[2]}"/>`).join("");
-  statesBody.html(bodyString + gapString);
-
-  const isOptimized = shapeRendering.value === "optimizeSpeed";
-  if (!isOptimized) {
-    const haloData = halo.map((p, s) => [p.length > 10 ? p : null, s, states[s].color]).filter(d => d[0]);
-
-    const haloString = haloData
-      .map(d => {
-        const stroke = d3.color(d[2]) ? d3.color(d[2]).darker().hex() : "#666666";
-        return `<path id="state-border${d[1]}" d="${d[0]}" clip-path="url(#state-clip${d[1]})" stroke="${stroke}"/>`;
-      })
-      .join("");
-    statesHalo.html(haloString);
-
-    const clipString = bodyData
-      .map(d => `<clipPath id="state-clip${d[1]}"><use href="#state${d[1]}"/></clipPath>`)
-      .join("");
-    defs.select("#statePaths").html(clipString);
-  }
-
-  function connectVertices(start, state) {
-    const chain = []; // vertices chain to form a path
-    const getType = c => {
-      const borderCell = c.find(i => cells.b[i]);
-      if (borderCell) return "border";
-
-      const waterCell = c.find(i => cells.h[i] < 20);
-      if (!waterCell) return "land";
-      if (innerLakes[cells.f[waterCell]]) return "innerLake";
-      return features[cells.f[waterCell]].type;
-    };
-
-    for (let i = 0, current = start; i === 0 || (current !== start && i < 20000); i++) {
-      const prev = chain.length ? chain[chain.length - 1][0] : -1; // previous vertex in chain
-
-      const c = vertices.c[current]; // cells adjacent to vertex
-      chain.push([current, getType(c)]); // add current vertex to sequence
-
-      c.filter(c => cells.state[c] === state).forEach(c => (used[c] = 1));
-      const c0 = c[0] >= n || cells.state[c[0]] !== state;
-      const c1 = c[1] >= n || cells.state[c[1]] !== state;
-      const c2 = c[2] >= n || cells.state[c[2]] !== state;
-
-      const v = vertices.v[current]; // neighboring vertices
-
-      if (v[0] !== prev && c0 !== c1) current = v[0];
-      else if (v[1] !== prev && c1 !== c2) current = v[1];
-      else if (v[2] !== prev && c0 !== c2) current = v[2];
-
-      if (current === prev) {
-        ERROR && console.error("Next vertex is not found");
-        break;
-      }
+    if (renderHalo) {
+      const haloColor = d3.color(color)?.darker().hex() || "#666666";
+      clipPaths.push(/* html */ `<clipPath id="state-clip${index}"><use href="#state${index}"/></clipPath>`);
+      haloPaths.push(
+        /* html */ `<path id="state-border${index}" d="${halo}" clip-path="url(#state-clip${index})" stroke="${haloColor}"/>`
+      );
     }
+  });
 
-    if (chain.length) chain.push(chain[0]);
-    return chain;
-  }
+  byId("statesBody").innerHTML = bodyPaths.join("");
+  byId("statePaths").innerHTML = renderHalo ? clipPaths.join("") : "";
+  byId("statesHalo").innerHTML = renderHalo ? haloPaths.join("") : "";
 
-  invokeActiveZooming();
   TIME && console.timeEnd("drawStates");
 }
 
@@ -1143,133 +570,19 @@ function toggleBorders(event) {
     drawBorders();
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) editStyle("borders");
   } else {
-    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) {
-      editStyle("borders");
-      return;
-    }
+    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) return editStyle("borders");
     turnButtonOff("toggleBorders");
     borders.selectAll("path").remove();
   }
 }
 
-// draw state and province borders
-function drawBorders() {
-  TIME && console.time("drawBorders");
-  borders.selectAll("path").remove();
-
-  const {cells, vertices} = pack;
-  const n = cells.i.length;
-
-  const sPath = [];
-  const pPath = [];
-
-  const sUsed = new Array(pack.states.length).fill("").map(_ => []);
-  const pUsed = new Array(pack.provinces.length).fill("").map(_ => []);
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < cells.i.length; i++) {
-    if (!cells.state[i]) continue;
-    const p = cells.province[i];
-    const s = cells.state[i];
-
-    // if cell is on province border
-    const provToCell = cells.c[i].find(
-      n => cells.state[n] === s && p > cells.province[n] && pUsed[p][n] !== cells.province[n]
-    );
-
-    if (provToCell) {
-      const provTo = cells.province[provToCell];
-      pUsed[p][provToCell] = provTo;
-      const vertex = cells.v[i].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(i => cells.province[i] === provTo));
-      const chain = connectVertices(vertex, p, cells.province, provTo, pUsed);
-
-      if (chain.length > 1) {
-        pPath.push("M" + chain.map(c => vertices.p[c]).join(" "));
-        i--;
-        continue;
-      }
-    }
-
-    // if cell is on state border
-    const stateToCell = cells.c[i].find(n => cells.h[n] >= 20 && s > cells.state[n] && sUsed[s][n] !== cells.state[n]);
-    if (stateToCell !== undefined) {
-      const stateTo = cells.state[stateToCell];
-      sUsed[s][stateToCell] = stateTo;
-      const vertex = cells.v[i].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(i => cells.h[i] >= 20 && cells.state[i] === stateTo));
-      const chain = connectVertices(vertex, s, cells.state, stateTo, sUsed);
-
-      if (chain.length > 1) {
-        sPath.push("M" + chain.map(c => vertices.p[c]).join(" "));
-        i--;
-        continue;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  stateBorders.append("path").attr("d", sPath.join(" "));
-  provinceBorders.append("path").attr("d", pPath.join(" "));
-
-  // connect vertices to chain
-  function connectVertices(current, f, array, t, used) {
-    let chain = [];
-    const checkCell = c => c >= n || array[c] !== f;
-    const checkVertex = v =>
-      vertices.c[v].some(c => array[c] === f) && vertices.c[v].some(c => array[c] === t && cells.h[c] >= 20);
-
-    // find starting vertex
-    for (let i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
-      if (i === 999) ERROR && console.error("Find starting vertex: limit is reached", current, f, t);
-      const p = chain[chain.length - 2] || -1; // previous vertex
-      const v = vertices.v[current],
-        c = vertices.c[current];
-
-      const v0 = checkCell(c[0]) !== checkCell(c[1]) && checkVertex(v[0]);
-      const v1 = checkCell(c[1]) !== checkCell(c[2]) && checkVertex(v[1]);
-      const v2 = checkCell(c[0]) !== checkCell(c[2]) && checkVertex(v[2]);
-      if (v0 + v1 + v2 === 1) break;
-      current = v0 && p !== v[0] ? v[0] : v1 && p !== v[1] ? v[1] : v[2];
-
-      if (current === chain[0]) break;
-      if (current === p) return [];
-      chain.push(current);
-    }
-
-    chain = [current]; // vertices chain to form a path
-    // find path
-    for (let i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
-      if (i === 999) ERROR && console.error("Find path: limit is reached", current, f, t);
-      const p = chain[chain.length - 2] || -1; // previous vertex
-      const v = vertices.v[current],
-        c = vertices.c[current];
-      c.filter(c => array[c] === t).forEach(c => (used[f][c] = t));
-
-      const v0 = checkCell(c[0]) !== checkCell(c[1]) && checkVertex(v[0]);
-      const v1 = checkCell(c[1]) !== checkCell(c[2]) && checkVertex(v[1]);
-      const v2 = checkCell(c[0]) !== checkCell(c[2]) && checkVertex(v[2]);
-      current = v0 && p !== v[0] ? v[0] : v1 && p !== v[1] ? v[1] : v[2];
-
-      if (current === p) break;
-      if (current === chain[chain.length - 1]) break;
-      if (chain.length > 1 && v0 + v1 + v2 < 2) break;
-      chain.push(current);
-      if (current === chain[0]) break;
-    }
-
-    return chain;
-  }
-
-  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawBorders");
-}
-
 function toggleProvinces(event) {
   if (!layerIsOn("toggleProvinces")) {
     turnButtonOn("toggleProvinces");
     drawProvinces();
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) editStyle("provs");
   } else {
-    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) {
-      editStyle("provs");
-      return;
-    }
+    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) return editStyle("provs");
     provs.selectAll("*").remove();
     turnButtonOff("toggleProvinces");
   }
@@ -1277,126 +590,29 @@ function toggleProvinces(event) {
 
 function drawProvinces() {
   TIME && console.time("drawProvinces");
-  const labelsOn = provs.attr("data-labels") == 1;
-  provs.selectAll("*").remove();
+  const {cells, provinces} = pack;
 
-  const provinces = pack.provinces;
-  const {body, gap} = getProvincesVertices();
-
-  const g = provs.append("g").attr("id", "provincesBody");
-  const bodyData = body.map((p, i) => [p.length > 10 ? p : null, i, provinces[i].color]).filter(d => d[0]);
-  g.selectAll("path")
-    .data(bodyData)
-    .enter()
-    .append("path")
-    .attr("d", d => d[0])
-    .attr("fill", d => d[2])
-    .attr("stroke", "none")
-    .attr("id", d => "province" + d[1]);
-  const gapData = gap.map((p, i) => [p.length > 10 ? p : null, i, provinces[i].color]).filter(d => d[0]);
-  g.selectAll(".path")
-    .data(gapData)
-    .enter()
-    .append("path")
-    .attr("d", d => d[0])
-    .attr("fill", "none")
-    .attr("stroke", d => d[2])
-    .attr("id", d => "province-gap" + d[1]);
-
-  const labels = provs.append("g").attr("id", "provinceLabels");
-  labels.style("display", `${labelsOn ? "block" : "none"}`);
-  const labelData = provinces.filter(p => p.i && !p.removed && p.pole);
-  labels
-    .selectAll(".path")
-    .data(labelData)
-    .enter()
-    .append("text")
-    .attr("x", d => d.pole[0])
-    .attr("y", d => d.pole[1])
-    .attr("id", d => "provinceLabel" + d.i)
-    .text(d => d.name);
-
-  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawProvinces");
-}
-
-function getProvincesVertices() {
-  const cells = pack.cells,
-    vertices = pack.vertices,
-    provinces = pack.provinces,
-    n = cells.i.length;
-  const used = new Uint8Array(cells.i.length);
-  const vArray = new Array(provinces.length); // store vertices array
-  const body = new Array(provinces.length).fill(""); // store path around each province
-  const gap = new Array(provinces.length).fill(""); // store path along water for each province to fill the gaps
-
-  for (const i of cells.i) {
-    if (!cells.province[i] || used[i]) continue;
-    const p = cells.province[i];
-    const onborder = cells.c[i].some(n => cells.province[n] !== p);
-    if (!onborder) continue;
-
-    const borderWith = cells.c[i].map(c => cells.province[c]).find(n => n !== p);
-    const vertex = cells.v[i].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(i => cells.province[i] === borderWith));
-    const chain = connectVertices(vertex, p, borderWith);
-    if (chain.length < 3) continue;
-    const points = chain.map(v => vertices.p[v[0]]);
-    if (!vArray[p]) vArray[p] = [];
-    vArray[p].push(points);
-    body[p] += "M" + points.join("L");
-    gap[p] +=
-      "M" +
-      vertices.p[chain[0][0]] +
-      chain.reduce(
-        (r, v, i, d) =>
-          !i ? r : !v[2] ? r + "L" + vertices.p[v[0]] : d[i + 1] && !d[i + 1][2] ? r + "M" + vertices.p[v[0]] : r,
-        ""
-      );
-  }
-
-  // find province visual center
-  vArray.forEach((ar, i) => {
-    const sorted = ar.sort((a, b) => b.length - a.length); // sort by points number
-    provinces[i].pole = polylabel(sorted, 1.0); // pole of inaccessibility
+  const bodyPaths = new Array(provinces.length - 1);
+  const isolines = getIsolines(pack, cellId => cells.province[cellId], {fill: true, waterGap: true});
+  Object.entries(isolines).forEach(([index, {fill, waterGap}]) => {
+    const color = provinces[index].color;
+    bodyPaths.push(getGappedFillPaths("province", fill, waterGap, color, index));
   });
 
-  return {body, gap};
+  const labels = provinces
+    .filter(p => p.i && !p.removed)
+    .map(p => {
+      const [x, y] = p.pole || cells.p[p.center];
+      return /* html */ `<text x="${x}" y="${y}" id="provinceLabel${p.i}">${p.name}</text>`;
+    });
 
-  // connect vertices to chain
-  function connectVertices(start, t, province) {
-    const chain = []; // vertices chain to form a path
-    let land = vertices.c[start].some(c => cells.h[c] >= 20 && cells.province[c] !== t);
-    function check(i) {
-      province = cells.province[i];
-      land = cells.h[i] >= 20;
-    }
+  byId("provs").innerHTML = /* html */ `
+    <g id='provincesBody'>${bodyPaths.join("")}</g>
+    <g id='provinceLabels'>${labels.join("")}</g>
+  `;
+  byId("provinceLabels").style.display = byId("provs").dataset.labels === "1" ? "block" : "none";
 
-    for (let i = 0, current = start; i === 0 || (current !== start && i < 20000); i++) {
-      const prev = chain[chain.length - 1] ? chain[chain.length - 1][0] : -1; // previous vertex in chain
-      chain.push([current, province, land]); // add current vertex to sequence
-      const c = vertices.c[current]; // cells adjacent to vertex
-      c.filter(c => cells.province[c] === t).forEach(c => (used[c] = 1));
-      const c0 = c[0] >= n || cells.province[c[0]] !== t;
-      const c1 = c[1] >= n || cells.province[c[1]] !== t;
-      const c2 = c[2] >= n || cells.province[c[2]] !== t;
-      const v = vertices.v[current]; // neighboring vertices
-      if (v[0] !== prev && c0 !== c1) {
-        current = v[0];
-        check(c0 ? c[0] : c[1]);
-      } else if (v[1] !== prev && c1 !== c2) {
-        current = v[1];
-        check(c1 ? c[1] : c[2]);
-      } else if (v[2] !== prev && c0 !== c2) {
-        current = v[2];
-        check(c2 ? c[2] : c[0]);
-      }
-      if (current === chain[chain.length - 1][0]) {
-        ERROR && console.error("Next vertex is not found");
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    chain.push([start, province, land]); // add starting vertex to sequence to close the path
-    return chain;
-  }
+  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawProvinces");
 }
 
 function toggleGrid(event) {
@@ -1404,13 +620,9 @@ function toggleGrid(event) {
     turnButtonOn("toggleGrid");
     drawGrid();
     calculateFriendlyGridSize();
-
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) editStyle("gridOverlay");
   } else {
-    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) {
-      editStyle("gridOverlay");
-      return;
-    }
+    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) return editStyle("gridOverlay");
     turnButtonOff("toggleGrid");
     gridOverlay.selectAll("*").remove();
   }
@@ -1451,24 +663,22 @@ function toggleCoordinates(event) {
     drawCoordinates();
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) editStyle("coordinates");
   } else {
-    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) {
-      editStyle("coordinates");
-      return;
-    }
+    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) return editStyle("coordinates");
     turnButtonOff("toggleCoordinates");
     coordinates.selectAll("*").remove();
   }
 }
 
 function drawCoordinates() {
-  if (!layerIsOn("toggleCoordinates")) return;
   coordinates.selectAll("*").remove(); // remove every time
+
   const steps = [0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30]; // possible steps
   const goal = mapCoordinates.lonT / scale / 10;
   const step = steps.reduce((p, c) => (Math.abs(c - goal) < Math.abs(p - goal) ? c : p));
 
   const desired = +coordinates.attr("data-size"); // desired label size
   coordinates.attr("font-size", Math.max(rn(desired / scale ** 0.8, 2), 0.1)); // actual label size
+
   const graticule = d3
     .geoGraticule()
     .extent([
@@ -1482,29 +692,32 @@ function drawCoordinates() {
   const grid = coordinates.append("g").attr("id", "coordinateGrid");
   const labels = coordinates.append("g").attr("id", "coordinateLabels");
 
-  const p = getViewPoint(scale + desired + 2, scale + desired / 2); // on border point on viexBox
+  const point = new DOMPoint(scale + desired + 2, scale + desired / 2);
+  const p = point.matrixTransform(byId("viewbox").getScreenCTM().inverse());
+
   const data = graticule.lines().map(d => {
-    const lat = d.coordinates[0][1] === d.coordinates[1][1]; // check if line is latitude or longitude
-    const c = d.coordinates[0],
-      pos = projection(c); // map coordinates
-    const [x, y] = lat ? [rn(p.x, 2), rn(pos[1], 2)] : [rn(pos[0], 2), rn(p.y, 2)]; // labels position
-    const v = lat ? c[1] : c[0]; // label
-    const text = !v
-      ? v
-      : Number.isInteger(v)
-      ? lat
-        ? c[1] < 0
-          ? -c[1] + "°S"
-          : c[1] + "°N"
-        : c[0] < 0
-        ? -c[0] + "°W"
-        : c[0] + "°E"
-      : "";
-    return {lat, x, y, text};
+    const isLatitude = d.coordinates[0][1] === d.coordinates[1][1];
+    const coordinate = d.coordinates[0];
+    const position = projection(coordinate); // map coordinates
+    const [x, y] = isLatitude ? [rn(p.x, 2), rn(position[1], 2)] : [rn(position[0], 2), rn(p.y, 2)]; // labels position
+    const value = isLatitude ? coordinate[1] : coordinate[0]; // label
+
+    let text = "";
+    if (!value) {
+      text = value;
+    } else if (Number.isInteger(value)) {
+      if (isLatitude) {
+        text = coordinate[1] < 0 ? -coordinate[1] + "°S" : coordinate[1] + "°N";
+      } else {
+        text = coordinate[0] < 0 ? -coordinate[0] + "°W" : coordinate[0] + "°E";
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {x, y, text};
   });
 
-  const d = round(d3.geoPath(projection)(graticule()));
-  grid.append("path").attr("d", d).attr("vector-effect", "non-scaling-stroke");
+  const path = round(d3.geoPath(projection)(graticule()));
+  grid.append("path").attr("d", path).attr("vector-effect", "non-scaling-stroke");
   labels
     .selectAll("text")
     .data(data)
@@ -1515,25 +728,13 @@ function drawCoordinates() {
     .text(d => d.text);
 }
 
-// conver svg point into viewBox point
-function getViewPoint(x, y) {
-  const view = byId("viewbox");
-  const svg = byId("map");
-  const pt = svg.createSVGPoint();
-  (pt.x = x), (pt.y = y);
-  return pt.matrixTransform(view.getScreenCTM().inverse());
-}
-
 function toggleCompass(event) {
   if (!layerIsOn("toggleCompass")) {
     turnButtonOn("toggleCompass");
     $("#compass").fadeIn();
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) editStyle("compass");
   } else {
-    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) {
-      editStyle("compass");
-      return;
-    }
+    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) return editStyle("compass");
     $("#compass").fadeOut();
     turnButtonOff("toggleCompass");
   }
@@ -1546,10 +747,7 @@ function toggleRelief(event) {
     $("#terrain").fadeIn();
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) editStyle("terrain");
   } else {
-    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) {
-      editStyle("terrain");
-      return;
-    }
+    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) return editStyle("terrain");
     $("#terrain").fadeOut();
     turnButtonOff("toggleRelief");
   }
@@ -1598,21 +796,20 @@ function drawRivers() {
   TIME && console.time("drawRivers");
   rivers.selectAll("*").remove();
 
-  const {addMeandering, getRiverPath} = Rivers;
   lineGen.curve(d3.curveCatmullRom.alpha(0.1));
-
   const riverPaths = pack.rivers.map(({cells, points, i, widthFactor, sourceWidth}) => {
     if (!cells || cells.length < 2) return;
 
     if (points && points.length !== cells.length) {
       console.error(
-        `River ${i} has ${cells.length} cells, but only ${points.length} points defined. Resetting points data`
+        `River ${i} has ${cells.length} cells, but only ${points.length} points defined.`,
+        "Resetting points data"
       );
       points = undefined;
     }
 
-    const meanderedPoints = addMeandering(cells, points);
-    const path = getRiverPath(meanderedPoints, widthFactor, sourceWidth);
+    const meanderedPoints = Rivers.addMeandering(cells, points);
+    const path = Rivers.getRiverPath(meanderedPoints, widthFactor, sourceWidth);
     return `<path id="river${i}" d="${path}"/>`;
   });
   rivers.html(riverPaths.join(""));
@@ -1651,17 +848,14 @@ function drawRoutes() {
   TIME && console.timeEnd("drawRoutes");
 }
 
-function toggleMilitary() {
+function toggleMilitary(event) {
   if (!layerIsOn("toggleMilitary")) {
     turnButtonOn("toggleMilitary");
-    $("#armies").fadeIn();
+    drawMilitary();
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) editStyle("armies");
   } else {
-    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) {
-      editStyle("armies");
-      return;
-    }
-    $("#armies").fadeOut();
+    if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) return editStyle("armies");
+    armies.selectAll("g").remove();
     turnButtonOff("toggleMilitary");
   }
 }
@@ -1678,71 +872,35 @@ function toggleMarkers(event) {
   }
 }
 
-function drawMarkers() {
-  const rescale = +markers.attr("rescale");
-  const pinned = +markers.attr("pinned");
-
-  const markersData = pinned ? pack.markers.filter(({pinned}) => pinned) : pack.markers;
-  const html = markersData.map(marker => drawMarker(marker, rescale));
-  markers.html(html.join(""));
-}
-
-const getPin = (shape = "bubble", fill = "#fff", stroke = "#000") => {
-  if (shape === "bubble")
-    return `<path d="M6,19 l9,10 L24,19" fill="${stroke}" stroke="none" /><circle cx="15" cy="15" r="10" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}"/>`;
-  if (shape === "pin")
-    return `<path d="m 15,3 c -5.5,0 -9.7,4.09 -9.7,9.3 0,6.8 9.7,17 9.7,17 0,0 9.7,-10.2 9.7,-17 C 24.7,7.09 20.5,3 15,3 Z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}"/>`;
-  if (shape === "square")
-    return `<path d="m 20,25 -5,4 -5,-4 z" fill="${stroke}"/><path d="M 5,5 H 25 V 25 H 5 Z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}"/>`;
-  if (shape === "squarish")
-    return `<path d="m 5,5 h 20 v 20 h -6 l -4,4 -4,-4 H 5 Z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}" />`;
-  if (shape === "diamond") return `<path d="M 2,15 15,1 28,15 15,29 Z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}" />`;
-  if (shape === "hex") return `<path d="M 15,29 4.61,21 V 9 L 15,3 25.4,9 v 12 z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}" />`;
-  if (shape === "hexy") return `<path d="M 15,29 6,21 5,8 15,4 25,8 24,21 Z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}" />`;
-  if (shape === "shieldy")
-    return `<path d="M 15,29 6,21 5,7 c 0,0 5,-3 10,-3 5,0 10,3 10,3 l -1,14 z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}" />`;
-  if (shape === "shield")
-    return `<path d="M 4.6,5.2 H 25 v 6.7 A 20.3,20.4 0 0 1 15,29 20.3,20.4 0 0 1 4.6,11.9 Z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}" />`;
-  if (shape === "pentagon") return `<path d="M 4,16 9,4 h 12 l 5,12 -11,13 z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}" />`;
-  if (shape === "heptagon")
-    return `<path d="M 15,29 6,22 4,12 10,4 h 10 l 6,8 -2,10 z" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}" />`;
-  if (shape === "circle") return `<circle cx="15" cy="15" r="11" fill="${fill}" stroke="${stroke}" />`;
-  if (shape === "no") return "";
-};
-
-function drawMarker(marker, rescale = 1) {
-  const {i, icon, x, y, dx = 50, dy = 50, px = 12, size = 30, pin, fill, stroke} = marker;
-  const id = `marker${i}`;
-  const zoomSize = rescale ? Math.max(rn(size / 5 + 24 / scale, 2), 1) : size;
-  const viewX = rn(x - zoomSize / 2, 1);
-  const viewY = rn(y - zoomSize, 1);
-  const pinHTML = getPin(pin, fill, stroke);
-
-  return `<svg id="${id}" viewbox="0 0 30 30" width="${zoomSize}" height="${zoomSize}" x="${viewX}" y="${viewY}"><g>${pinHTML}</g><text x="${dx}%" y="${dy}%" font-size="${px}px" >${icon}</text></svg>`;
-}
-
 function toggleLabels(event) {
   if (!layerIsOn("toggleLabels")) {
     turnButtonOn("toggleLabels");
-    labels.style("display", null);
-    invokeActiveZooming();
+    $("#labels").fadeIn();
+    // don't redraw labels as they are not stored in data yet
+    if (labels.selectAll("text").size() === 0) drawLabels();
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) editStyle("labels");
   } else {
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) return editStyle("labels");
     turnButtonOff("toggleLabels");
-    labels.style("display", "none");
+    $("#labels").fadeOut();
   }
 }
 
-function toggleIcons(event) {
-  if (!layerIsOn("toggleIcons")) {
-    turnButtonOn("toggleIcons");
-    $("#icons").fadeIn();
+function drawLabels() {
+  drawStateLabels();
+  drawBurgLabels();
+  invokeActiveZooming();
+}
+
+function toggleBurgIcons(event) {
+  if (!layerIsOn("toggleBurgIcons")) {
+    turnButtonOn("toggleBurgIcons");
+    drawBurgIcons();
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) editStyle("burgIcons");
   } else {
     if (event && isCtrlClick(event)) return editStyle("burgIcons");
-    turnButtonOff("toggleIcons");
-    $("#icons").fadeOut();
+    turnButtonOff("toggleBurgIcons");
+    icons.selectAll("circle, use").remove();
   }
 }
 
@@ -1772,104 +930,6 @@ function toggleScaleBar(event) {
   }
 }
 
-function drawScaleBar(scaleBar, scaleLevel) {
-  if (!scaleBar.size() || scaleBar.style("display") === "none") return;
-
-  const unit = distanceUnitInput.value;
-  const size = +scaleBar.attr("data-bar-size");
-
-  const length = (function () {
-    const init = 100;
-    let val = (init * size * distanceScale) / scaleLevel; // bar length in distance unit
-    if (val > 900) val = rn(val, -3); // round to 1000
-    else if (val > 90) val = rn(val, -2); // round to 100
-    else if (val > 9) val = rn(val, -1); // round to 10
-    else val = rn(val); // round to 1
-    const length = (val * scaleLevel) / distanceScale; // actual length in pixels on this scale
-    return length;
-  })();
-
-  scaleBar.select("#scaleBarContent").remove(); // redraw content every time
-  const content = scaleBar.append("g").attr("id", "scaleBarContent");
-
-  const lines = content.append("g");
-  lines
-    .append("line")
-    .attr("x1", 0.5)
-    .attr("y1", 0)
-    .attr("x2", length + size - 0.5)
-    .attr("y2", 0)
-    .attr("stroke-width", size)
-    .attr("stroke", "white");
-  lines
-    .append("line")
-    .attr("x1", 0)
-    .attr("y1", size)
-    .attr("x2", length + size)
-    .attr("y2", size)
-    .attr("stroke-width", size)
-    .attr("stroke", "#3d3d3d");
-  lines
-    .append("line")
-    .attr("x1", 0)
-    .attr("y1", 0)
-    .attr("x2", length + size)
-    .attr("y2", 0)
-    .attr("stroke-width", rn(size * 3, 2))
-    .attr("stroke-dasharray", size + " " + rn(length / 5 - size, 2))
-    .attr("stroke", "#3d3d3d");
-
-  const texts = content.append("g").attr("text-anchor", "middle").attr("font-family", "var(--serif)");
-  texts
-    .selectAll("text")
-    .data(d3.range(0, 6))
-    .enter()
-    .append("text")
-    .attr("x", d => rn((d * length) / 5, 2))
-    .attr("y", 0)
-    .attr("dy", "-.6em")
-    .text(d => rn((((d * length) / 5) * distanceScale) / scaleLevel) + (d < 5 ? "" : " " + unit));
-
-  const label = scaleBar.attr("data-label");
-  if (label) {
-    texts
-      .append("text")
-      .attr("x", (length + 1) / 2)
-      .attr("dy", ".6em")
-      .attr("dominant-baseline", "text-before-edge")
-      .text(label);
-  }
-
-  const scaleBarBack = scaleBar.select("#scaleBarBack");
-  if (scaleBarBack.size()) {
-    const bbox = content.node().getBBox();
-    const paddingTop = +scaleBarBack.attr("data-top") || 0;
-    const paddingLeft = +scaleBarBack.attr("data-left") || 0;
-    const paddingRight = +scaleBarBack.attr("data-right") || 0;
-    const paddingBottom = +scaleBarBack.attr("data-bottom") || 0;
-
-    scaleBar
-      .select("#scaleBarBack")
-      .attr("x", -paddingLeft)
-      .attr("y", -paddingTop)
-      .attr("width", bbox.width + paddingRight)
-      .attr("height", bbox.height + paddingBottom);
-  }
-}
-
-// fit ScaleBar to screen size
-function fitScaleBar(scaleBar, fullWidth, fullHeight) {
-  if (!scaleBar.select("rect").size() || scaleBar.style("display") === "none") return;
-
-  const posX = +scaleBar.attr("data-x") || 99;
-  const posY = +scaleBar.attr("data-y") || 99;
-  const bbox = scaleBar.select("rect").node().getBBox();
-
-  const x = rn((fullWidth * posX) / 100 - bbox.width + 10);
-  const y = rn((fullHeight * posY) / 100 - bbox.height + 20);
-  scaleBar.attr("transform", `translate(${x},${y})`);
-}
-
 function toggleZones(event) {
   if (!layerIsOn("toggleZones")) {
     turnButtonOn("toggleZones");
@@ -1909,117 +969,6 @@ function toggleEmblems(event) {
   }
 }
 
-function drawEmblems() {
-  TIME && console.time("drawEmblems");
-  const {states, provinces, burgs} = pack;
-
-  const validStates = states.filter(s => s.i && !s.removed && s.coa && s.coa.size !== 0);
-  const validProvinces = provinces.filter(p => p.i && !p.removed && p.coa && p.coa.size !== 0);
-  const validBurgs = burgs.filter(b => b.i && !b.removed && b.coa && b.coa.size !== 0);
-
-  const getStateEmblemsSize = () => {
-    const startSize = minmax((graphHeight + graphWidth) / 40, 10, 100);
-    const statesMod = 1 + validStates.length / 100 - (15 - validStates.length) / 200; // states number modifier
-    const sizeMod = +emblems.select("#stateEmblems").attr("data-size") || 1;
-    return rn((startSize / statesMod) * sizeMod); // target size ~50px on 1536x754 map with 15 states
-  };
-
-  const getProvinceEmblemsSize = () => {
-    const startSize = minmax((graphHeight + graphWidth) / 100, 5, 70);
-    const provincesMod = 1 + validProvinces.length / 1000 - (115 - validProvinces.length) / 1000; // states number modifier
-    const sizeMod = +emblems.select("#provinceEmblems").attr("data-size") || 1;
-    return rn((startSize / provincesMod) * sizeMod); // target size ~20px on 1536x754 map with 115 provinces
-  };
-
-  const getBurgEmblemSize = () => {
-    const startSize = minmax((graphHeight + graphWidth) / 185, 2, 50);
-    const burgsMod = 1 + validBurgs.length / 1000 - (450 - validBurgs.length) / 1000; // states number modifier
-    const sizeMod = +emblems.select("#burgEmblems").attr("data-size") || 1;
-    return rn((startSize / burgsMod) * sizeMod); // target size ~8.5px on 1536x754 map with 450 burgs
-  };
-
-  const sizeBurgs = getBurgEmblemSize();
-  const burgCOAs = validBurgs.map(burg => {
-    const {x, y} = burg;
-    const size = burg.coa.size || 1;
-    const shift = (sizeBurgs * size) / 2;
-    return {type: "burg", i: burg.i, x: burg.coa.x || x, y: burg.coa.y || y, size, shift};
-  });
-
-  const sizeProvinces = getProvinceEmblemsSize();
-  const provinceCOAs = validProvinces.map(province => {
-    if (!province.pole) getProvincesVertices();
-    const [x, y] = province.pole || pack.cells.p[province.center];
-    const size = province.coa.size || 1;
-    const shift = (sizeProvinces * size) / 2;
-    return {type: "province", i: province.i, x: province.coa.x || x, y: province.coa.y || y, size, shift};
-  });
-
-  const sizeStates = getStateEmblemsSize();
-  const stateCOAs = validStates.map(state => {
-    const [x, y] = state.pole || pack.cells.p[state.center];
-    const size = state.coa.size || 1;
-    const shift = (sizeStates * size) / 2;
-    return {type: "state", i: state.i, x: state.coa.x || x, y: state.coa.y || y, size, shift};
-  });
-
-  const nodes = burgCOAs.concat(provinceCOAs).concat(stateCOAs);
-  const simulation = d3
-    .forceSimulation(nodes)
-    .alphaMin(0.6)
-    .alphaDecay(0.2)
-    .velocityDecay(0.6)
-    .force(
-      "collision",
-      d3.forceCollide().radius(d => d.shift)
-    )
-    .stop();
-
-  d3.timeout(function () {
-    const n = Math.ceil(Math.log(simulation.alphaMin()) / Math.log(1 - simulation.alphaDecay()));
-    for (let i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-      simulation.tick();
-    }
-
-    const burgNodes = nodes.filter(node => node.type === "burg");
-    const burgString = burgNodes
-      .map(
-        d =>
-          `<use data-i="${d.i}" x="${rn(d.x - d.shift)}" y="${rn(d.y - d.shift)}" width="${d.size}em" height="${
-            d.size
-          }em"/>`
-      )
-      .join("");
-    emblems.select("#burgEmblems").attr("font-size", sizeBurgs).html(burgString);
-
-    const provinceNodes = nodes.filter(node => node.type === "province");
-    const provinceString = provinceNodes
-      .map(
-        d =>
-          `<use data-i="${d.i}" x="${rn(d.x - d.shift)}" y="${rn(d.y - d.shift)}" width="${d.size}em" height="${
-            d.size
-          }em"/>`
-      )
-      .join("");
-    emblems.select("#provinceEmblems").attr("font-size", sizeProvinces).html(provinceString);
-
-    const stateNodes = nodes.filter(node => node.type === "state");
-    const stateString = stateNodes
-      .map(
-        d =>
-          `<use data-i="${d.i}" x="${rn(d.x - d.shift)}" y="${rn(d.y - d.shift)}" width="${d.size}em" height="${
-            d.size
-          }em"/>`
-      )
-      .join("");
-    emblems.select("#stateEmblems").attr("font-size", sizeStates).html(stateString);
-
-    invokeActiveZooming();
-  });
-
-  TIME && console.timeEnd("drawEmblems");
-}
-
 function toggleVignette(event) {
   if (!layerIsOn("toggleVignette")) {
     turnButtonOn("toggleVignette");
@@ -2032,9 +981,16 @@ function toggleVignette(event) {
   }
 }
 
+function getGappedFillPaths(elementName, fill, waterGap, color, index) {
+  let html = "";
+  if (fill) html += /* html */ `<path d="${fill}" fill="${color}" id="${elementName}${index}" />`;
+  if (waterGap)
+    html += /* html */ `<path d="${waterGap}" fill="none" stroke="${color}" stroke-width="3" id="${elementName}-gap${index}" />`;
+  return html;
+}
+
 function layerIsOn(el) {
-  const buttonoff = byId(el).classList.contains("buttonoff");
-  return !buttonoff;
+  return byId(el).classList.contains("buttonoff") ? false : true;
 }
 
 function turnButtonOff(el) {
@@ -2074,14 +1030,14 @@ function getLayer(id) {
   if (id === "toggleProvinces") return $("#provs");
   if (id === "toggleBorders") return $("#borders");
   if (id === "toggleRoutes") return $("#routes");
-  if (id === "toggleTemp") return $("#temperature");
-  if (id === "togglePrec") return $("#prec");
+  if (id === "toggleTemperature") return $("#temperature");
+  if (id === "togglePrecipitation") return $("#prec");
   if (id === "togglePopulation") return $("#population");
   if (id === "toggleIce") return $("#ice");
   if (id === "toggleTexture") return $("#texture");
   if (id === "toggleEmblems") return $("#emblems");
   if (id === "toggleLabels") return $("#labels");
-  if (id === "toggleIcons") return $("#icons");
+  if (id === "toggleBurgIcons") return $("#icons");
   if (id === "toggleMarkers") return $("#markers");
   if (id === "toggleRulers") return $("#ruler");
 }
diff --git a/modules/ui/measurers.js b/modules/ui/measurers.js
index 1f51cd7d..fbd90603 100644
--- a/modules/ui/measurers.js
+++ b/modules/ui/measurers.js
@@ -530,3 +530,32 @@ class Planimeter extends Measurer {
     this.el.select("text").attr("x", c[0]).attr("y", c[1]).text(area);
   }
 }
+
+function createDefaultRuler() {
+  TIME && console.time("createDefaultRuler");
+  const {features, vertices} = pack;
+
+  const areas = features.map(f => (f.land ? f.area || 0 : -Infinity));
+  const largestLand = areas.indexOf(Math.max(...areas));
+  const featureVertices = features[largestLand].vertices;
+
+  const MIN_X = 100;
+  const MAX_X = graphWidth - 100;
+  const MIN_Y = 100;
+  const MAX_Y = graphHeight - 100;
+
+  let leftmostVertex = [graphWidth - MIN_X, graphHeight / 2];
+  let rightmostVertex = [MIN_X, graphHeight / 2];
+
+  for (const vertex of featureVertices) {
+    const [x, y] = vertices.p[vertex];
+    if (y < MIN_Y || y > MAX_Y) continue;
+    if (x < leftmostVertex[0] && x >= MIN_X) leftmostVertex = [x, y];
+    if (x > rightmostVertex[0] && x <= MAX_X) rightmostVertex = [x, y];
+  }
+
+  rulers = new Rulers();
+  rulers.create(Ruler, [leftmostVertex, rightmostVertex]);
+
+  TIME && console.timeEnd("createDefaultRuler");
+}
diff --git a/modules/ui/provinces-editor.js b/modules/ui/provinces-editor.js
index f8a88cfb..9bd046a3 100644
--- a/modules/ui/provinces-editor.js
+++ b/modules/ui/provinces-editor.js
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ function editProvinces() {
   if (layerIsOn("toggleCultures")) toggleCultures();
 
   provs.selectAll("text").call(d3.drag().on("drag", dragLabel)).classed("draggable", true);
-  const body = document.getElementById("provincesBodySection");
+  const body = byId("provincesBodySection");
   refreshProvincesEditor();
 
   if (modules.editProvinces) return;
@@ -23,22 +23,22 @@ function editProvinces() {
   });
 
   // add listeners
-  document.getElementById("provincesEditorRefresh").addEventListener("click", refreshProvincesEditor);
-  document.getElementById("provincesEditStyle").addEventListener("click", () => editStyle("provs"));
-  document.getElementById("provincesFilterState").addEventListener("change", provincesEditorAddLines);
-  document.getElementById("provincesPercentage").addEventListener("click", togglePercentageMode);
-  document.getElementById("provincesChart").addEventListener("click", showChart);
-  document.getElementById("provincesToggleLabels").addEventListener("click", toggleLabels);
-  document.getElementById("provincesExport").addEventListener("click", downloadProvincesData);
-  document.getElementById("provincesRemoveAll").addEventListener("click", removeAllProvinces);
-  document.getElementById("provincesManually").addEventListener("click", enterProvincesManualAssignent);
-  document.getElementById("provincesManuallyApply").addEventListener("click", applyProvincesManualAssignent);
-  document.getElementById("provincesManuallyCancel").addEventListener("click", () => exitProvincesManualAssignment());
-  document.getElementById("provincesRelease").addEventListener("click", triggerProvincesRelease);
-  document.getElementById("provincesAdd").addEventListener("click", enterAddProvinceMode);
-  document.getElementById("provincesRecolor").addEventListener("click", recolorProvinces);
+  byId("provincesEditorRefresh").on("click", refreshProvincesEditor);
+  byId("provincesEditStyle").on("click", () => editStyle("provs"));
+  byId("provincesFilterState").on("change", provincesEditorAddLines);
+  byId("provincesPercentage").on("click", togglePercentageMode);
+  byId("provincesChart").on("click", showChart);
+  byId("provincesToggleLabels").on("click", toggleLabels);
+  byId("provincesExport").on("click", downloadProvincesData);
+  byId("provincesRemoveAll").on("click", removeAllProvinces);
+  byId("provincesManually").on("click", enterProvincesManualAssignent);
+  byId("provincesManuallyApply").on("click", applyProvincesManualAssignent);
+  byId("provincesManuallyCancel").on("click", () => exitProvincesManualAssignment());
+  byId("provincesRelease").on("click", triggerProvincesRelease);
+  byId("provincesAdd").on("click", enterAddProvinceMode);
+  byId("provincesRecolor").on("click", recolorProvinces);
 
-  body.addEventListener("click", function (ev) {
+  body.on("click", function (ev) {
     if (customization) return;
     const el = ev.target,
       cl = el.classList,
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ function editProvinces() {
     else if (cl.contains("icon-lock") || cl.contains("icon-lock-open")) updateLockStatus(p, cl);
   });
 
-  body.addEventListener("change", function (ev) {
+  body.on("change", function (ev) {
     const el = ev.target,
       cl = el.classList,
       line = el.parentNode,
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ function editProvinces() {
   }
 
   function updateFilter() {
-    const stateFilter = document.getElementById("provincesFilterState");
+    const stateFilter = byId("provincesFilterState");
     const selectedState = stateFilter.value || 1;
     stateFilter.options.length = 0; // remove all options
     stateFilter.options.add(new Option(`all`, -1, false, selectedState == -1));
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ function editProvinces() {
   // add line for each province
   function provincesEditorAddLines() {
     const unit = " " + getAreaUnit();
-    const selectedState = +document.getElementById("provincesFilterState").value;
+    const selectedState = +byId("provincesFilterState").value;
     let filtered = pack.provinces.filter(p => p.i && !p.removed); // all valid burgs
     if (selectedState != -1) filtered = filtered.filter(p => p.state === selectedState); // filtered by state
     body.innerHTML = "";
@@ -194,9 +194,9 @@ function editProvinces() {
     byId("provincesFooterPopulation").dataset.population = totalPopulation;
 
     body.querySelectorAll("div.states").forEach(el => {
-      el.addEventListener("click", selectProvinceOnLineClick);
-      el.addEventListener("mouseenter", ev => provinceHighlightOn(ev));
-      el.addEventListener("mouseleave", ev => provinceHighlightOff(ev));
+      el.on("click", selectProvinceOnLineClick);
+      el.on("mouseenter", ev => provinceHighlightOn(ev));
+      el.on("mouseleave", ev => provinceHighlightOff(ev));
     });
 
     if (body.dataset.type === "percentage") {
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ function editProvinces() {
     const {cell: center, culture} = burgs[burgId];
     const color = getRandomColor();
     const coa = province.coa;
-    const coaEl = document.getElementById("provinceCOA" + provinceId);
+    const coaEl = byId("provinceCOA" + provinceId);
     if (coaEl) coaEl.id = "stateCOA" + newStateId;
     emblems.select(`#provinceEmblems > use[data-i='${provinceId}']`).remove();
 
@@ -454,6 +454,7 @@ function editProvinces() {
         p.burgs.forEach(b => (pack.burgs[b].population = population));
       }
 
+      if (layerIsOn("togglePopulation")) drawPopulation();
       refreshProvincesEditor();
     }
   }
@@ -482,7 +483,7 @@ function editProvinces() {
           unfog("focusProvince" + p);
 
           const coaId = "provinceCOA" + p;
-          if (document.getElementById(coaId)) document.getElementById(coaId).remove();
+          if (byId(coaId)) byId(coaId).remove();
           emblems.select(`#provinceEmblems > use[data-i='${p}']`).remove();
 
           pack.provinces[p] = {i: p, removed: true};
@@ -490,8 +491,7 @@ function editProvinces() {
           const g = provs.select("#provincesBody");
           g.select("#province" + p).remove();
           g.select("#province-gap" + p).remove();
-          if (!layerIsOn("toggleBorders")) toggleBorders();
-          else drawBorders();
+          if (layerIsOn("toggleBorders")) drawBorders();
           refreshProvincesEditor();
           $(this).dialog("close");
         },
@@ -504,13 +504,13 @@ function editProvinces() {
 
   function editProvinceName(province) {
     const p = pack.provinces[province];
-    document.getElementById("provinceNameEditor").dataset.province = province;
-    document.getElementById("provinceNameEditorShort").value = p.name;
+    byId("provinceNameEditor").dataset.province = province;
+    byId("provinceNameEditorShort").value = p.name;
     applyOption(provinceNameEditorSelectForm, p.formName);
-    document.getElementById("provinceNameEditorFull").value = p.fullName;
+    byId("provinceNameEditorFull").value = p.fullName;
 
     const cultureId = pack.cells.culture[p.center];
-    document.getElementById("provinceCultureDisplay").innerText = pack.cultures[cultureId].name;
+    byId("provinceCultureDisplay").innerText = pack.cultures[cultureId].name;
 
     $("#provinceNameEditor").dialog({
       resizable: false,
@@ -531,22 +531,22 @@ function editProvinces() {
     modules.editProvinceName = true;
 
     // add listeners
-    document.getElementById("provinceNameEditorShortCulture").addEventListener("click", regenerateShortNameCulture);
-    document.getElementById("provinceNameEditorShortRandom").addEventListener("click", regenerateShortNameRandom);
-    document.getElementById("provinceNameEditorAddForm").addEventListener("click", addCustomForm);
-    document.getElementById("provinceNameEditorFullRegenerate").addEventListener("click", regenerateFullName);
+    byId("provinceNameEditorShortCulture").on("click", regenerateShortNameCulture);
+    byId("provinceNameEditorShortRandom").on("click", regenerateShortNameRandom);
+    byId("provinceNameEditorAddForm").on("click", addCustomForm);
+    byId("provinceNameEditorFullRegenerate").on("click", regenerateFullName);
 
     function regenerateShortNameCulture() {
       const province = +provinceNameEditor.dataset.province;
       const culture = pack.cells.culture[pack.provinces[province].center];
       const name = Names.getState(Names.getCultureShort(culture), culture);
-      document.getElementById("provinceNameEditorShort").value = name;
+      byId("provinceNameEditorShort").value = name;
     }
 
     function regenerateShortNameRandom() {
       const base = rand(nameBases.length - 1);
       const name = Names.getState(Names.getBase(base), undefined, base);
-      document.getElementById("provinceNameEditorShort").value = name;
+      byId("provinceNameEditorShort").value = name;
     }
 
     function addCustomForm() {
@@ -558,9 +558,9 @@ function editProvinces() {
     }
 
     function regenerateFullName() {
-      const short = document.getElementById("provinceNameEditorShort").value;
-      const form = document.getElementById("provinceNameEditorSelectForm").value;
-      document.getElementById("provinceNameEditorFull").value = getFullName();
+      const short = byId("provinceNameEditorShort").value;
+      const form = byId("provinceNameEditorSelectForm").value;
+      byId("provinceNameEditorFull").value = getFullName();
 
       function getFullName() {
         if (!form) return short;
@@ -570,9 +570,9 @@ function editProvinces() {
     }
 
     function applyNameChange(p) {
-      p.name = document.getElementById("provinceNameEditorShort").value;
-      p.formName = document.getElementById("provinceNameEditorSelectForm").value;
-      p.fullName = document.getElementById("provinceNameEditorFull").value;
+      p.name = byId("provinceNameEditorShort").value;
+      p.formName = byId("provinceNameEditorSelectForm").value;
+      p.fullName = byId("provinceNameEditorFull").value;
       provs.select("#provinceLabel" + p.i).text(p.name);
       refreshProvincesEditor();
     }
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ function editProvinces() {
       .attr("height", height)
       .attr("font-size", "10px");
     const graph = svg.append("g").attr("transform", `translate(10, 0)`);
-    document.getElementById("provincesTreeType").addEventListener("change", updateChart);
+    byId("provincesTreeType").on("change", updateChart);
 
     treeLayout(root);
 
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ function editProvinces() {
 
     function hideInfo(ev) {
       provinceHighlightOff(ev);
-      if (!document.getElementById("provinceInfo")) return;
+      if (!byId("provinceInfo")) return;
       provinceInfo.innerHTML = "&#8205;";
       d3.select(ev.target).select("rect").classed("selected", 0);
     }
@@ -816,7 +816,7 @@ function editProvinces() {
     stateBorders.select("path").attr("stroke", "#000").attr("stroke-width", 1.2);
 
     customization = 11;
-    provs.select("g#provincesBody").append("g").attr("id", "temp");
+    provs.select("g#provincesBody").append("g").attr("id", "temp").attr("stroke-width", 0.3);
     provs
       .select("g#provincesBody")
       .append("g")
@@ -826,7 +826,7 @@ function editProvinces() {
       .attr("stroke-width", 1);
 
     document.querySelectorAll("#provincesBottom > *").forEach(el => (el.style.display = "none"));
-    document.getElementById("provincesManuallyButtons").style.display = "inline-block";
+    byId("provincesManuallyButtons").style.display = "inline-block";
 
     provincesEditor.querySelectorAll(".hide").forEach(el => el.classList.add("hidden"));
     provincesHeader.querySelector("div[data-sortby='state']").style.left = "7.7em";
@@ -950,10 +950,10 @@ function editProvinces() {
         pack.cells.province[i] = +this.dataset.province;
       });
 
-    if (!layerIsOn("toggleBorders")) toggleBorders();
-    else drawBorders();
-    if (!layerIsOn("toggleProvinces")) toggleProvinces();
-    else drawProvinces();
+    Provinces.getPoles();
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleBorders")) drawBorders();
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleProvinces")) drawProvinces();
+
     exitProvincesManualAssignment();
     refreshProvincesEditor();
   }
@@ -970,7 +970,7 @@ function editProvinces() {
     debug.selectAll("path.selected").remove();
 
     document.querySelectorAll("#provincesBottom > *").forEach(el => (el.style.display = "inline-block"));
-    document.getElementById("provincesManuallyButtons").style.display = "none";
+    byId("provincesManuallyButtons").style.display = "none";
 
     provincesEditor.querySelectorAll(".hide:not(.show)").forEach(el => el.classList.remove("hidden"));
     provincesHeader.querySelector("div[data-sortby='state']").style.left = "22em";
@@ -1044,12 +1044,11 @@ function editProvinces() {
       cells.province[c] = province;
     });
 
-    if (!layerIsOn("toggleBorders")) toggleBorders();
-    else drawBorders();
-    if (!layerIsOn("toggleProvinces")) toggleProvinces();
-    else drawProvinces();
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleBorders")) drawBorders();
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleProvinces")) drawProvinces();
+
     collectStatistics();
-    document.getElementById("provincesFilterState").value = state;
+    byId("provincesFilterState").value = state;
     provincesEditorAddLines();
   }
 
@@ -1062,7 +1061,7 @@ function editProvinces() {
   }
 
   function recolorProvinces() {
-    const state = +document.getElementById("provincesFilterState").value;
+    const state = +byId("provincesFilterState").value;
 
     pack.provinces.forEach(p => {
       if (!p || p.removed) return;
@@ -1120,8 +1119,7 @@ function editProvinces() {
           pack.states.forEach(s => (s.provinces = []));
 
           unfog();
-          if (!layerIsOn("toggleBorders")) toggleBorders();
-          else drawBorders();
+          if (layerIsOn("toggleBorders")) drawBorders();
           provs.select("#provincesBody").remove();
           turnButtonOff("toggleProvinces");
 
diff --git a/modules/ui/regiment-editor.js b/modules/ui/regiment-editor.js
index 5c38a07a..fb2f4da4 100644
--- a/modules/ui/regiment-editor.js
+++ b/modules/ui/regiment-editor.js
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ function editRegiment(selector) {
     reg.name = Military.getName(reg, military);
     military.push(reg);
     Military.generateNote(reg, pack.states[state]); // add legend
-    Military.drawRegiment(reg, state);
+    drawRegiment(reg, state);
     if (regimentsOverviewRefresh.offsetParent) regimentsOverviewRefresh.click();
     toggleAdd();
   }
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ function editRegiment(selector) {
     (defender.px = defender.x), (defender.py = defender.y);
 
     // move attacker to defender
-    Military.moveRegiment(attacker, defender.x, defender.y - 8);
+    moveRegiment(attacker, defender.x, defender.y - 8);
 
     // draw battle icon
     const attack = d3
diff --git a/modules/ui/regiments-overview.js b/modules/ui/regiments-overview.js
index 28f40d18..fee7c480 100644
--- a/modules/ui/regiments-overview.js
+++ b/modules/ui/regiments-overview.js
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ function overviewRegiments(state) {
     reg.name = Military.getName(reg, military);
     military.push(reg);
     Military.generateNote(reg, pack.states[state]); // add legend
-    Military.drawRegiment(reg, state);
+    drawRegiment(reg, state);
     toggleAdd();
   }
 
diff --git a/modules/ui/style.js b/modules/ui/style.js
index 4f003bb1..49d1d8fb 100644
--- a/modules/ui/style.js
+++ b/modules/ui/style.js
@@ -70,6 +70,10 @@ function getColorScheme(scheme = "bright") {
   return heightmapColorSchemes[scheme];
 }
 
+function getColor(value, scheme = getColorScheme("bright")) {
+  return scheme(1 - (value < 20 ? value - 5 : value) / 100);
+}
+
 // Toggle style sections on element select
 styleElementSelect.on("change", selectStyleElement);
 
@@ -114,6 +118,7 @@ function selectStyleElement() {
       "armies",
       "routes",
       "lakes",
+      "biomes",
       "borders",
       "cults",
       "relig",
@@ -952,7 +957,7 @@ styleArmiesSize.on("input", e => {
   armies.selectAll("g").remove(); // clear armies layer
   pack.states.forEach(s => {
     if (!s.i || s.removed || !s.military.length) return;
-    Military.drawRegiments(s.military, s.i);
+    drawRegiments(s.military, s.i);
   });
 });
 
diff --git a/modules/ui/submap.js b/modules/ui/submap.js
index 7b9dab06..6c6360a8 100644
--- a/modules/ui/submap.js
+++ b/modules/ui/submap.js
@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ window.UISubmap = (function () {
       fullMap: true,
       noLabels: true,
       noScaleBar: true,
+      noVignette: true,
       noIce: true
     });
 
@@ -282,7 +283,7 @@ window.UISubmap = (function () {
 
     oldstate = null; // destroy old state to free memory
 
-    restoreLayers();
+    drawLayers();
     if (ThreeD.options.isOn) ThreeD.redraw();
     if ($("#worldConfigurator").is(":visible")) editWorld();
   }
diff --git a/modules/ui/tools.js b/modules/ui/tools.js
index 9dce15c5..2ab57530 100644
--- a/modules/ui/tools.js
+++ b/modules/ui/tools.js
@@ -75,8 +75,10 @@ toolsContent.addEventListener("click", function (event) {
 });
 
 function processFeatureRegeneration(event, button) {
-  if (button === "regenerateStateLabels") drawStateLabels();
-  else if (button === "regenerateReliefIcons") {
+  if (button === "regenerateStateLabels") {
+    $("#labels").fadeIn();
+    drawStateLabels();
+  } else if (button === "regenerateReliefIcons") {
     ReliefIcons.draw();
     if (!layerIsOn("toggleRelief")) toggleRelief();
   } else if (button === "regenerateRoutes") {
@@ -126,14 +128,14 @@ function regenerateRoutes() {
 
 function regenerateRivers() {
   Rivers.generate();
-  Lakes.defineGroup();
   Rivers.specify();
-  if (!layerIsOn("toggleRivers")) toggleRivers();
-  else drawRivers();
+  Features.specify();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleRivers")) drawRivers();
 }
 
 function recalculatePopulation() {
   rankCells();
+
   pack.burgs.forEach(b => {
     if (!b.i || b.removed || b.lock) return;
     const i = b.cell;
@@ -143,6 +145,8 @@ function recalculatePopulation() {
     if (b.port) b.population = b.population * 1.3; // increase port population
     b.population = rn(b.population * gauss(2, 3, 0.6, 20, 3), 3);
   });
+
+  layerIsOn("togglePopulation") ? drawPopulation() : togglePopulation();
 }
 
 function regenerateStates() {
@@ -152,12 +156,14 @@ function regenerateStates() {
   pack.states = newStates;
   BurgsAndStates.expandStates();
   BurgsAndStates.normalizeStates();
+  BurgsAndStates.getPoles();
   BurgsAndStates.collectStatistics();
   BurgsAndStates.assignColors();
   BurgsAndStates.generateCampaigns();
   BurgsAndStates.generateDiplomacy();
   BurgsAndStates.defineStateForms();
-  BurgsAndStates.generateProvinces(true);
+  Provinces.generate(true);
+  Provinces.getPoles();
 
   layerIsOn("toggleStates") ? drawStates() : toggleStates();
   layerIsOn("toggleBorders") ? drawBorders() : toggleBorders();
@@ -332,9 +338,11 @@ function recreateStates() {
 function regenerateProvinces() {
   unfog();
 
-  BurgsAndStates.generateProvinces(true, true);
-  drawBorders();
-  if (layerIsOn("toggleProvinces")) drawProvinces();
+  Provinces.generate(true, true);
+  Provinces.getPoles();
+
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleBorders")) drawBorders();
+  layerIsOn("toggleProvinces") ? drawProvinces() : toggleProvinces();
 
   // remove emblems
   document.querySelectorAll("[id^=provinceCOA]").forEach(el => el.remove());
@@ -437,9 +445,11 @@ function regenerateBurgs() {
 
   BurgsAndStates.specifyBurgs();
   BurgsAndStates.defineBurgFeatures();
-  BurgsAndStates.drawBurgs();
   regenerateRoutes();
 
+  drawBurgIcons();
+  drawBurgLabels();
+
   // remove emblems
   document.querySelectorAll("[id^=burgCOA]").forEach(el => el.remove());
   emblems.selectAll("use").remove();
@@ -498,13 +508,13 @@ function regenerateEmblems() {
     province.coa.shield = COA.getShield(culture, province.state);
   });
 
-  if (layerIsOn("toggleEmblems")) drawEmblems(); // redrawEmblems
+  layerIsOn("toggleEmblems") ? drawEmblems() : toggleEmblems();
 }
 
 function regenerateReligions() {
   Religions.generate();
-  if (!layerIsOn("toggleReligions")) toggleReligions();
-  else drawReligions();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleReligions")) drawReligions();
+  else toggleReligions();
   refreshAllEditors();
 }
 
@@ -520,7 +530,9 @@ function regenerateCultures() {
 
 function regenerateMilitary() {
   Military.generate();
-  if (!layerIsOn("toggleMilitary")) toggleMilitary();
+  if (layerIsOn("toggleMilitary")) drawMilitary();
+  else toggleMilitary();
+
   if (byId("militaryOverviewRefresh").offsetParent) militaryOverviewRefresh.click();
 }
 
diff --git a/modules/ui/units-editor.js b/modules/ui/units-editor.js
index 67562ada..a30e9a7d 100644
--- a/modules/ui/units-editor.js
+++ b/modules/ui/units-editor.js
@@ -66,11 +66,11 @@ function editUnits() {
 
   function changeHeightExponent() {
     calculateTemperatures();
-    if (layerIsOn("toggleTemp")) drawTemp();
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleTemperature")) drawTemperature();
   }
 
   function changeTemperatureScale() {
-    if (layerIsOn("toggleTemp")) drawTemp();
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleTemperature")) drawTemperature();
   }
 
   function changePopulationRate() {
diff --git a/modules/ui/world-configurator.js b/modules/ui/world-configurator.js
index 67569592..ef762e2b 100644
--- a/modules/ui/world-configurator.js
+++ b/modules/ui/world-configurator.js
@@ -86,13 +86,13 @@ function editWorld() {
     generatePrecipitation();
     const heights = new Uint8Array(pack.cells.h);
     Rivers.generate();
-    Lakes.defineGroup();
     Rivers.specify();
     pack.cells.h = new Float32Array(heights);
     Biomes.define();
+    Features.specify();
 
-    if (layerIsOn("toggleTemp")) drawTemp();
-    if (layerIsOn("togglePrec")) drawPrec();
+    if (layerIsOn("toggleTemperature")) drawTemperature();
+    if (layerIsOn("togglePrecipitation")) drawPrecipitation();
     if (layerIsOn("toggleBiomes")) drawBiomes();
     if (layerIsOn("toggleCoordinates")) drawCoordinates();
     if (layerIsOn("toggleRivers")) drawRivers();
diff --git a/modules/ui/zones-editor.js b/modules/ui/zones-editor.js
index a7ac8835..0b5d069a 100644
--- a/modules/ui/zones-editor.js
+++ b/modules/ui/zones-editor.js
@@ -472,6 +472,7 @@ function editZones() {
         burgs.forEach(b => (b.population = population));
       }
 
+      if (layerIsOn("togglePopulation")) drawPopulation();
       zonesEditorAddLines();
     }
   }
diff --git a/utils/commonUtils.js b/utils/commonUtils.js
index 910cc95d..dd4c3d45 100644
--- a/utils/commonUtils.js
+++ b/utils/commonUtils.js
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 // clip polygon by graph bbox
 function clipPoly(points, secure = 0) {
+  if (points.length < 2) return points;
   return polygonclip(points, [0, 0, graphWidth, graphHeight], secure);
 }
 
diff --git a/utils/pathUtils.js b/utils/pathUtils.js
index e148270b..57667233 100644
--- a/utils/pathUtils.js
+++ b/utils/pathUtils.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 "use strict";
 
-// get continuous paths for all cells at once based on getType(cellId) comparison
-function getVertexPaths({getType, options}) {
-  const {cells, vertices} = pack;
-  const paths = {};
+// get continuous paths (isolines) for all cells at once based on getType(cellId) comparison
+function getIsolines(graph, getType, options = {polygons: false, fill: false, halo: false, waterGap: false}) {
+  const {cells, vertices} = graph;
+  const isolines = {};
 
-  const checkedCells = new Uint8Array(cells.c.length);
+  const checkedCells = new Uint8Array(cells.i.length);
   const addToChecked = cellId => (checkedCells[cellId] = 1);
   const isChecked = cellId => checkedCells[cellId] === 1;
 
-  for (let cellId = 0; cellId < cells.c.length; cellId++) {
-    if (isChecked(cellId) || getType(cellId) === 0) continue;
+  for (const cellId of cells.i) {
+    if (isChecked(cellId) || !getType(cellId)) continue;
     addToChecked(cellId);
 
     const type = getType(cellId);
@@ -20,70 +20,73 @@ function getVertexPaths({getType, options}) {
     const onborderCell = cells.c[cellId].find(ofDifferentType);
     if (onborderCell === undefined) continue;
 
-    const feature = pack.features[cells.f[onborderCell]];
-    if (feature.type === "lake") {
-      if (!feature.shoreline) Lakes.getShoreline(feature);
-      if (feature.shoreline.every(ofSameType)) continue; // inner lake
-    }
+    // check if inner lake. Note there is no shoreline for grid features
+    const feature = graph.features[cells.f[onborderCell]];
+    if (feature.type === "lake" && feature.shoreline?.every(ofSameType)) continue;
 
     const startingVertex = cells.v[cellId].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(ofDifferentType));
     if (startingVertex === undefined) throw new Error(`Starting vertex for cell ${cellId} is not found`);
 
-    const vertexChain = connectVertices({startingVertex, ofSameType, addToChecked, closeRing: true});
+    const vertexChain = connectVertices({vertices, startingVertex, ofSameType, addToChecked, closeRing: true});
     if (vertexChain.length < 3) continue;
 
-    addPath(type, vertexChain);
+    addIsoline(type, vertices, vertexChain);
   }
 
-  return Object.entries(paths);
+  return isolines;
 
-  function getBorderPath(vertexChain, discontinue) {
-    let discontinued = true;
-    let lastOperation = "";
-    const path = vertexChain.map(vertex => {
-      if (discontinue(vertex)) {
-        discontinued = true;
-        return "";
-      }
+  function addIsoline(type, vertices, vertexChain) {
+    if (!isolines[type]) isolines[type] = {};
 
-      const operation = discontinued ? "M" : "L";
-      const command = operation === lastOperation ? "" : operation;
+    if (options.polygons) {
+      if (!isolines[type].polygons) isolines[type].polygons = [];
+      isolines[type].polygons.push(vertexChain.map(vertexId => vertices.p[vertexId]));
+    }
 
-      discontinued = false;
-      lastOperation = operation;
+    if (options.fill) {
+      if (!isolines[type].fill) isolines[type].fill = "";
+      isolines[type].fill += getFillPath(vertices, vertexChain);
+    }
 
-      return ` ${command}${getVertexPoint(vertex)}`;
-    });
+    if (options.waterGap) {
+      if (!isolines[type].waterGap) isolines[type].waterGap = "";
+      const isLandVertex = vertexId => vertices.c[vertexId].every(i => cells.h[i] >= 20);
+      isolines[type].waterGap += getBorderPath(vertices, vertexChain, isLandVertex);
+    }
 
-    return path.join("").trim();
-  }
-
-  function isBorderVertex(vertex) {
-    const adjacentCells = vertices.c[vertex];
-    return adjacentCells.some(i => cells.b[i]);
-  }
-
-  function isLandVertex(vertex) {
-    const adjacentCells = vertices.c[vertex];
-    return adjacentCells.every(i => cells.h[i] >= MIN_LAND_HEIGHT);
-  }
-
-  function addPath(index, vertexChain) {
-    if (!paths[index]) paths[index] = {fill: "", waterGap: "", halo: ""};
-    if (options.fill) paths[index].fill += getFillPath(vertexChain);
-    if (options.halo) paths[index].halo += getBorderPath(vertexChain, isBorderVertex);
-    if (options.waterGap) paths[index].waterGap += getBorderPath(vertexChain, isLandVertex);
+    if (options.halo) {
+      if (!isolines[type].halo) isolines[type].halo = "";
+      const isBorderVertex = vertexId => vertices.c[vertexId].some(i => cells.b[i]);
+      isolines[type].halo += getBorderPath(vertices, vertexChain, isBorderVertex);
+    }
   }
 }
 
-function getVertexPoint(vertexId) {
-  return pack.vertices.p[vertexId];
-}
-
-function getFillPath(vertexChain) {
-  const points = vertexChain.map(getVertexPoint);
+function getFillPath(vertices, vertexChain) {
+  const points = vertexChain.map(vertexId => vertices.p[vertexId]);
   const firstPoint = points.shift();
-  return `M${firstPoint} L${points.join(" ")}`;
+  return `M${firstPoint} L${points.join(" ")} Z`;
+}
+
+function getBorderPath(vertices, vertexChain, discontinue) {
+  let discontinued = true;
+  let lastOperation = "";
+  const path = vertexChain.map(vertexId => {
+    if (discontinue(vertexId)) {
+      discontinued = true;
+      return "";
+    }
+
+    const operation = discontinued ? "M" : "L";
+    const command = operation === lastOperation ? "" : operation;
+
+    discontinued = false;
+    lastOperation = operation;
+
+    return ` ${command}${vertices.p[vertexId]}`;
+  });
+
+  return path.join("").trim();
 }
 
 // get single path for an non-continuous array of cells
@@ -107,26 +110,36 @@ function getVertexPath(cellsArray) {
     if (onborderCell === undefined) continue;
 
     const feature = pack.features[cells.f[onborderCell]];
-    if (feature.type === "lake") {
-      if (!feature.shoreline) Lakes.getShoreline(feature);
+    if (feature.type === "lake" && feature.shoreline) {
       if (feature.shoreline.every(ofSameType)) continue; // inner lake
     }
 
     const startingVertex = cells.v[cellId].find(v => vertices.c[v].some(ofDifferentType));
     if (startingVertex === undefined) throw new Error(`Starting vertex for cell ${cellId} is not found`);
 
-    const vertexChain = connectVertices({startingVertex, ofSameType, addToChecked, closeRing: true});
+    const vertexChain = connectVertices({vertices, startingVertex, ofSameType, addToChecked, closeRing: true});
     if (vertexChain.length < 3) continue;
 
-    path += getFillPath(vertexChain);
+    path += getFillPath(vertices, vertexChain);
   }
 
   return path;
 }
 
-function connectVertices({startingVertex, ofSameType, addToChecked, closeRing}) {
-  const vertices = pack.vertices;
-  const MAX_ITERATIONS = pack.cells.i.length;
+function getPolesOfInaccessibility(graph, getType) {
+  const isolines = getIsolines(graph, getType, {polygons: true});
+
+  const poles = Object.entries(isolines).map(([id, isoline]) => {
+    const multiPolygon = isoline.polygons.sort((a, b) => b.length - a.length);
+    const [x, y] = polylabel(multiPolygon, 20);
+    return [id, [rn(x), rn(y)]];
+  });
+
+  return Object.fromEntries(poles);
+}
+
+function connectVertices({vertices, startingVertex, ofSameType, addToChecked, closeRing}) {
+  const MAX_ITERATIONS = vertices.c.length;
   const chain = []; // vertices chain to form a path
 
   let next = startingVertex;
@@ -145,6 +158,11 @@ function connectVertices({startingVertex, ofSameType, addToChecked, closeRing})
     else if (v2 !== previous && c2 !== c3) next = v2;
     else if (v3 !== previous && c1 !== c3) next = v3;
 
+    if (!vertices.c[next]) {
+      ERROR && console.error("ConnectVertices: next vertex is out of bounds");
+      break;
+    }
+
     if (next === current) {
       ERROR && console.error("ConnectVertices: next vertex is not found");
       break;
diff --git a/versioning.js b/versioning.js
index 47719a09..dfef489e 100644
--- a/versioning.js
+++ b/versioning.js
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  *
  * Example: 1.102.2 -> Major version 1, Minor version 102, Patch version 2
  */
-const VERSION = "1.103.8";
+const VERSION = "1.104.0";
 if (parseMapVersion(VERSION) !== VERSION) alert("versioning.js: Invalid format or parsing function");
 
 {