(function (global, factory) {
    typeof exports === 'object' && typeof module !== 'undefined' ? module.exports = factory() :
    typeof define === 'function' && define.amd ? define(factory) :
    (global.Cultures = factory());
}(this, (function () {'use strict';

  let cells;

  const generate = function() {
    TIME && console.time('generateCultures');
    cells = pack.cells;
    cells.culture = new Uint16Array(cells.i.length); // cell cultures
    let count = Math.min(+culturesInput.value, +culturesSet.selectedOptions[0].dataset.max);

    const populated = cells.i.filter(i => cells.s[i]); // populated cells
    if (populated.length < count * 25) {
      count = Math.floor(populated.length / 50);
      if (!count) {
        WARN && console.warn(`There are no populated cells. Cannot generate cultures`);
        pack.cultures = [{name:"Wildlands", i:0, base:1, shield:"round"}];
        alertMessage.innerHTML = `
          The climate is harsh and people cannot live in this world.<br>
          No cultures, states and burgs will be created.<br>
          Please consider changing climate settings in the World Configurator`;
        $("#alert").dialog({resizable: false, title: "Extreme climate warning",
          buttons: {Ok: function() {$(this).dialog("close");}}
        });
        return;
      } else {
        WARN && console.warn(`Not enough populated cells (${populated.length}). Will generate only ${count} cultures`);
        alertMessage.innerHTML = `
          There are only ${populated.length} populated cells and it's insufficient livable area.<br>
          Only ${count} out of ${culturesInput.value} requested cultures will be generated.<br>
          Please consider changing climate settings in the World Configurator`;
        $("#alert").dialog({resizable: false, title: "Extreme climate warning",
          buttons: {Ok: function() {$(this).dialog("close");}}
        });
      }
    }

    const cultures = pack.cultures = selectCultures(count);
    const centers = d3.quadtree();
    const colors = getColors(count);
    const emblemShape = document.getElementById("emblemShape").value;

    const codes = [];
    cultures.forEach(function(c, i) {
      const cell = c.center = placeCenter(c.sort ? c.sort : (i) => cells.s[i]);
      centers.add(cells.p[cell]);
      c.i = i+1;
      delete c.odd;
      delete c.sort;
      c.color = colors[i];
      c.type = defineCultureType(cell);
      c.expansionism = defineCultureExpansionism(c.type);
      c.origin = 0;
      c.code = abbreviate(c.name, codes);
      codes.push(c.code);
      cells.culture[cell] = i+1;
      if (emblemShape === "random") c.shield = getRandomShield();
    });

    function placeCenter(v) {
      let c, spacing = (graphWidth + graphHeight) / 2 / count;
      const sorted = [...populated].sort((a, b) => v(b) - v(a)), max = Math.floor(sorted.length / 2);
      do {c = sorted[biased(0, max, 5)]; spacing *= .9;}
      while (centers.find(cells.p[c][0], cells.p[c][1], spacing) !== undefined);
      return c;
    }

    // the first culture with id 0 is for wildlands
    cultures.unshift({name:"Wildlands", i:0, base:1, origin:null, shield:"round"});

    // make sure all bases exist in nameBases
    if (!nameBases.length) {
      ERROR && console.error("Name base is empty, default nameBases will be applied");
      nameBases = Names.getNameBases();
    }

    cultures.forEach(c => c.base = c.base % nameBases.length);

    function selectCultures(c) {
      let def = getDefault(c);
      if (c === def.length) return def;
      if (def.every(d => d.odd === 1)) return def.splice(0, c);

      const count = Math.min(c, def.length);
      const cultures = [];

      for (let culture, rnd, i=0; cultures.length < count && i < 200; i++) {
        do {
          rnd = rand(def.length-1);
          culture = def[rnd];
        } while (!P(culture.odd))
        cultures.push(culture);
        def.splice(rnd, 1);
      }
      return cultures;
    }

    // set culture type based on culture center position
    function defineCultureType(i) {
      if (cells.h[i] < 70 && [1,2,4].includes(cells.biome[i])) return "Nomadic"; // high penalty in forest biomes and near coastline
      if (cells.h[i] > 50) return "Highland"; // no penalty for hills and moutains, high for other elevations
      const f = pack.features[cells.f[cells.haven[i]]]; // opposite feature
      if (f.type === "lake" && f.cells > 5) return "Lake" // low water cross penalty and high for growth not along coastline
      if (cells.harbor[i] && f.type !== "lake" && P(.1) || (cells.harbor[i] === 1 && P(.6)) || (pack.features[cells.f[i]].group === "isle" && P(.4))) return "Naval"; // low water cross penalty and high for non-along-coastline growth
      if (cells.r[i] && cells.fl[i] > 100) return "River"; // no River cross penalty, penalty for non-River growth
      if (cells.t[i] > 2 && [3,7,8,9,10,12].includes(cells.biome[i])) return "Hunting"; // high penalty in non-native biomes
      return "Generic";
    }

    function defineCultureExpansionism(type) {
      let base = 1; // Generic
      if (type === "Lake") base = .8; else
      if (type === "Naval") base = 1.5; else
      if (type === "River") base = .9; else
      if (type === "Nomadic") base = 1.5; else
      if (type === "Hunting") base = .7; else
      if (type === "Highland") base = 1.2;
      return rn((Math.random() * powerInput.value / 2 + 1) * base, 1);
    }

    TIME && console.timeEnd('generateCultures');
  }

  const add = function(center) {
    const defaultCultures = getDefault();
    let culture, base, name;

    if (pack.cultures.length < defaultCultures.length) {
      // add one of the default cultures
      culture = pack.cultures.length;
      base = defaultCultures[culture].base;
      name = defaultCultures[culture].name;
    } else {
      // add random culture besed on one of the current ones
      culture = rand(pack.cultures.length - 1);
      name = Names.getCulture(culture, 5, 8, "");
      base = pack.cultures[culture].base;
    }
    const code = abbreviate(name, pack.cultures.map(c => c.code));
    const i = pack.cultures.length;
    const color = d3.color(d3.scaleSequential(d3.interpolateRainbow)(Math.random())).hex();

    // define emblem shape
    let shield = culture.shield;
    const emblemShape = document.getElementById("emblemShape").value;
    if (emblemShape === "random") shield = getRandomShield();

    pack.cultures.push({name, color, base, center, i, expansionism:1, type:"Generic", cells:0, area:0, rural:0, urban:0, origin:0, code, shield});
  }

  const getDefault = function(count) {
    // generic sorting functions
    const cells = pack.cells, s = cells.s, sMax = d3.max(s), t = cells.t, h = cells.h, temp = grid.cells.temp;
    const n = cell => Math.ceil(s[cell] / sMax * 3) // normalized cell score
    const td = (cell, goal) => {const d = Math.abs(temp[cells.g[cell]] - goal); return d ? d+1 : 1;} // temperature difference fee
    const bd = (cell, biomes, fee = 4) => biomes.includes(cells.biome[cell]) ? 1 : fee; // biome difference fee
    const sf = (cell, fee = 4) => cells.haven[cell] && pack.features[cells.f[cells.haven[cell]]].type !== "lake" ? 1 : fee; // not on sea coast fee

    if (culturesSet.value === "european") {
      return [
        {name:"Shwazen", base:0, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 10) / bd(i, [6, 8]), shield:"swiss"},
        {name:"Angshire", base:1, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 10) / sf(i), shield:"wedged"},
        {name:"Luari", base:2, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 12) / bd(i, [6, 8]), shield:"french"},
        {name:"Tallian", base:3, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 15), shield:"horsehead"},
        {name:"Astellian", base:4, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 16), shield:"spanish"},
        {name:"Slovan", base:5, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 6) * t[i], shield:"polish"},
        {name:"Norse", base:6, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 5), shield:"heater"},
        {name:"Elladan", base:7, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 18) * h[i], shield:"boeotian"},
        {name:"Romian", base:8, odd:.2, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 15) / t[i], shield:"roman"},
        {name:"Soumi", base:9, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 5) / bd(i, [9]) * t[i], shield:"pavise"},
        {name:"Portuzian", base:13, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 17) / sf(i), shield:"renaissance"},
        {name:"Vengrian", base: 15, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 11) / bd(i, [4]) * t[i], shield:"horsehead2"},
        {name:"Turchian", base: 16, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 14), shield:"round"},
        {name:"Euskati", base: 20, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 15) * h[i], shield:"oldFrench"},
        {name:"Keltan", base: 22, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 11) / bd(i, [6, 8]) * t[i], shield:"oval"}
      ];
    }

    if (culturesSet.value === "oriental") {
      return [
        {name:"Koryo", base:10, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 12) / t[i], shield:"round"},
        {name:"Hantzu", base:11, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 13), shield:"banner"},
        {name:"Yamoto", base:12, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 15) / t[i], shield:"round"},
        {name:"Turchian", base: 16, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 12), shield:"round"},
        {name:"Berberan", base: 17, odd:.2, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 19) / bd(i, [1, 2, 3], 7) * t[i], shield:"oval"},
        {name:"Eurabic", base: 18, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 26) / bd(i, [1, 2], 7) * t[i], shield:"oval"},
        {name:"Efratic", base: 23, odd:.1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 22) * t[i], shield:"round"},
        {name:"Tehrani", base: 24, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 18) * h[i], shield:"round"},
        {name:"Maui", base: 25, odd:.2, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 24) / sf(i) / t[i], shield:"vesicaPiscis"},
        {name:"Carnatic", base: 26, odd:.5, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 26), shield:"round"},
        {name:"Vietic", base: 29, odd:.8, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 25) / bd(i, [7], 7) / t[i], shield:"banner"},
        {name:"Guantzu", base:30, odd:.5, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 17), shield:"banner"},
        {name:"Ulus", base:31, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 5) / bd(i, [2, 4, 10], 7) * t[i], shield:"banner"}
      ];
    }

    if (culturesSet.value === "english") {
      const getName = () => Names.getBase(1, 5, 9, "", 0);
      return [
        {name:getName(), base:1, odd:1, shield:"heater"},
        {name:getName(), base:1, odd:1, shield:"wedged"},
        {name:getName(), base:1, odd:1, shield:"swiss"},
        {name:getName(), base:1, odd:1, shield:"oldFrench"},
        {name:getName(), base:1, odd:1, shield:"swiss"},
        {name:getName(), base:1, odd:1, shield:"spanish"},
        {name:getName(), base:1, odd:1, shield:"hessen"},
        {name:getName(), base:1, odd:1, shield:"fantasy5"},
        {name:getName(), base:1, odd:1, shield:"fantasy4"},
        {name:getName(), base:1, odd:1, shield:"fantasy1"}
      ];
    }

    if (culturesSet.value === "antique") {
      return [
        {name:"Roman", base:8, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 14) / t[i], shield:"roman"}, // Roman
        {name:"Roman", base:8, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 15) / sf(i), shield:"roman"}, // Roman
        {name:"Roman", base:8, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 16) / sf(i), shield:"roman"}, // Roman
        {name:"Roman", base:8, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 17) / t[i], shield:"roman"}, // Roman
        {name:"Hellenic", base:7, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 18) / sf(i) * h[i], shield:"boeotian"}, // Greek
        {name:"Hellenic", base:7, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 19) / sf(i) * h[i], shield:"boeotian"}, // Greek
        {name:"Macedonian", base:7, odd:.5, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 12) * h[i], shield:"round"}, // Greek
        {name:"Celtic", base:22, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 11) ** .5 / bd(i, [6, 8]), shield:"round"},
        {name:"Germanic", base:0, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 10) ** .5 / bd(i, [6, 8]), shield:"round"},
        {name:"Persian", base:24, odd:.8, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 18) * h[i], shield:"oval"}, // Iranian
        {name:"Scythian", base:24, odd:.5, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 11) ** .5 / bd(i, [4]), shield:"round"}, // Iranian
        {name:"Cantabrian", base: 20, odd:.5, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 16) * h[i], shield:"oval"}, // Basque
        {name:"Estian", base: 9, odd:.2, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 5) * t[i], shield:"pavise"}, // Finnic
        {name:"Carthaginian", base: 17, odd:.3, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 19) / sf(i), shield:"oval"}, // Berber
        {name:"Mesopotamian", base: 23, odd:.2, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 22) / bd(i, [1, 2, 3]), shield:"oval"} // Mesopotamian
      ];
    }

    if (culturesSet.value === "highFantasy") {
      return [
        // fantasy races
        {name:"Quenian (Elfish)", base: 33, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / bd(i, [6,7,8,9], 10) * t[i], shield:"gondor"}, // Elves
        {name:"Eldar (Elfish)", base: 33, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / bd(i, [6,7,8,9], 10) * t[i], shield:"noldor"}, // Elves
        {name:"Trow (Dark Elfish)", base: 34, odd:.9, sort: i => n(i) / bd(i, [7,8,9,12], 10) * t[i], shield:"hessen"}, // Dark Elves
        {name:"Lothian (Dark Elfish)", base: 34, odd:.3, sort: i => n(i) / bd(i, [7,8,9,12], 10) * t[i], shield:"wedged"}, // Dark Elves
        {name:"Dunirr (Dwarven)", base: 35, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) + h[i], shield:"ironHills"}, // Dwarfs
        {name:"Khazadur (Dwarven)", base: 35, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) + h[i], shield:"erebor"}, // Dwarfs
        {name:"Kobold (Goblin)", base: 36, odd:1, sort: i => t[i] - s[i], shield:"moriaOrc"}, // Goblin
        {name:"Uruk (Orkish)", base: 37, odd:1, sort: i => h[i] * t[i], shield:"urukHai"}, // Orc
        {name:"Ugluk (Orkish)", base: 37, odd:.5, sort: i => h[i] * t[i] / bd(i, [1,2,10,11]), shield:"moriaOrc"}, // Orc
        {name:"Yotunn (Giants)", base: 38, odd:.7, sort: i => td(i, -10), shield:"pavise"}, // Giant
        {name:"Rake (Drakonic)", base: 39, odd:.7, sort: i => -s[i], shield:"fantasy2"}, // Draconic
        {name:"Arago (Arachnid)", base: 40, odd:.7, sort: i => t[i] - s[i], shield:"horsehead2"}, // Arachnid
        {name:"Aj'Snaga (Serpents)", base: 41, odd:.7, sort: i => n(i) / bd(i, [12], 10), shield:"fantasy1"}, // Serpents
        // fantasy human
        {name:"Anor (Human)", base:32, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 10), shield:"fantasy5"},
        {name:"Dail (Human)", base:32, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 13), shield:"roman"},
        {name:"Rohand (Human)", base:16, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 16), shield:"round"},
        {name:"Dulandir (Human)", base:31, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 5) / bd(i, [2, 4, 10], 7) * t[i], shield:"easterling"},
      ];
    }

    if (culturesSet.value === "darkFantasy") {
      return [
        // common real-world English
        {name:"Angshire", base:1, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 10) / sf(i), shield:"heater"},
        {name:"Enlandic", base:1, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 12), shield:"heater"},
        {name:"Westen", base:1, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 10), shield:"heater"},
        {name:"Nortumbic", base:1, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 7), shield:"heater"},
        {name:"Mercian", base:1, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 9), shield:"heater"},
        {name:"Kentian", base:1, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 12), shield:"heater"},
        // rare real-world western
        {name:"Norse", base:6, odd:.7, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 5) / sf(i), shield:"oldFrench"},
        {name:"Schwarzen", base:0, odd:.3, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 10) / bd(i, [6, 8]), shield:"gonfalon"},
        {name:"Luarian", base:2, odd:.3, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 12) / bd(i, [6, 8]), shield:"oldFrench"},
        {name:"Hetallian", base:3, odd:.3, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 15), shield:"oval"},
        {name:"Astellian", base:4, odd:.3, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 16), shield:"spanish"},
        // rare real-world exotic
        {name:"Kiswaili", base:28, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 29) / bd(i, [1, 3, 5, 7]), shield:"vesicaPiscis"},
        {name:"Yoruba", base:21, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 15) / bd(i, [5, 7]), shield:"vesicaPiscis"},
        {name:"Koryo", base:10, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 12) / t[i], shield:"round"},
        {name:"Hantzu", base:11, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 13), shield:"banner"},
        {name:"Yamoto", base:12, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 15) / t[i], shield:"round"},
        {name:"Guantzu", base:30, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 17), shield:"banner"},
        {name:"Ulus", base:31, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 5) / bd(i, [2, 4, 10], 7) * t[i], shield:"banner"},
        {name:"Turan", base: 16, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 12), shield:"round"},
        {name:"Berberan", base: 17, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 19) / bd(i, [1, 2, 3], 7) * t[i], shield:"round"},
        {name:"Eurabic", base: 18, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 26) / bd(i, [1, 2], 7) * t[i], shield:"round"},
        {name:"Slovan", base:5, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 6) * t[i], shield:"round"},
        {name:"Keltan", base: 22, odd:.1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 11) ** .5 / bd(i, [6, 8]), shield:"vesicaPiscis"},
        {name:"Elladan", base:7, odd:.2, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 18) / sf(i) * h[i], shield:"boeotian"},
        {name:"Romian", base:8, odd:.2, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 14) / t[i], shield:"roman"},
        // fantasy races
        {name:"Eldar", base: 33, odd:.5, sort: i => n(i) / bd(i, [6,7,8,9], 10) * t[i], shield:"fantasy5"}, // Elves
        {name:"Trow", base: 34, odd:.8, sort: i => n(i) / bd(i, [7,8,9,12], 10) * t[i], shield:"hessen"}, // Dark Elves
        {name:"Durinn", base: 35, odd:.8, sort: i => n(i) + h[i], shield:"erebor"}, // Dwarven
        {name:"Kobblin", base: 36, odd:.8, sort: i => t[i] - s[i], shield:"moriaOrc"}, // Goblin
        {name:"Uruk", base: 37, odd:.8, sort: i => h[i] * t[i] / bd(i, [1,2,10,11]), shield:"urukHai"}, // Orc
        {name:"Yotunn", base: 38, odd:.8, sort: i => td(i, -10), shield:"pavise"}, // Giant
        {name:"Drake", base: 39, odd:.9, sort: i => -s[i], shield:"fantasy2"}, // Draconic
        {name:"Rakhnid", base: 40, odd:.9, sort: i => t[i] - s[i], shield:"horsehead2"}, // Arachnid
        {name:"Aj'Snaga", base: 41, odd:.9, sort: i => n(i) / bd(i, [12], 10), shield:"fantasy1"}, // Serpents
      ]
    }

    if (culturesSet.value === "random") {
      return d3.range(count).map(function() {
        const rnd = rand(nameBases.length-1);
        const name = Names.getBaseShort(rnd);
        return {name, base:rnd, odd:1, shield:getRandomShield()}
      });
    }

    // all-world
    return [
      {name:"Shwazen", base:0, odd:.7, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 10) / bd(i, [6, 8]), shield:"hessen"},
      {name:"Angshire", base:1, odd:1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 10) / sf(i), shield:"heater"},
      {name:"Luari", base:2, odd:.6, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 12) / bd(i, [6, 8]), shield:"oldFrench"},
      {name:"Tallian", base:3, odd:.6, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 15), shield:"horsehead2"},
      {name:"Astellian", base:4, odd:.6, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 16), shield:"spanish"},
      {name:"Slovan", base:5, odd:.7, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 6) * t[i], shield:"round"},
      {name:"Norse", base:6, odd:.7, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 5), shield:"heater"},
      {name:"Elladan", base:7, odd:.7, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 18) * h[i], shield:"boeotian"},
      {name:"Romian", base:8, odd:.7, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 15), shield:"roman"},
      {name:"Soumi", base:9, odd:.3, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 5) / bd(i, [9]) * t[i], shield:"pavise"},
      {name:"Koryo", base:10, odd:.1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 12) / t[i], shield:"round"},
      {name:"Hantzu", base:11, odd:.1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 13), shield:"banner"},
      {name:"Yamoto", base:12, odd:.1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 15) / t[i], shield:"round"},
      {name:"Portuzian", base:13, odd:.4, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 17) / sf(i), shield:"spanish"},
      {name:"Nawatli", base:14, odd:.1, sort: i => h[i] / td(i, 18) / bd(i, [7]), shield:"square"},
      {name:"Vengrian", base: 15, odd:.2, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 11) / bd(i, [4]) * t[i], shield:"wedged"},
      {name:"Turchian", base: 16, odd:.2, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 13), shield:"round"},
      {name:"Berberan", base: 17, odd:.1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 19) / bd(i, [1, 2, 3], 7) * t[i], shield:"round"},
      {name:"Eurabic", base: 18, odd:.2, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 26) / bd(i, [1, 2], 7) * t[i], shield:"round"},
      {name:"Inuk", base: 19, odd:.05, sort: i => td(i, -1) / bd(i, [10, 11]) / sf(i), shield:"square"},
      {name:"Euskati", base: 20, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 15) * h[i], shield:"spanish"},
      {name:"Yoruba", base: 21, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 15) / bd(i, [5, 7]), shield:"vesicaPiscis"},
      {name:"Keltan", base: 22, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 11) / bd(i, [6, 8]) * t[i], shield:"vesicaPiscis"},
      {name:"Efratic", base: 23, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 22) * t[i], shield:"diamond"},
      {name:"Tehrani", base: 24, odd:.1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 18) * h[i], shield:"round"},
      {name:"Maui", base: 25, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 24) / sf(i) / t[i], shield:"round"},
      {name:"Carnatic", base: 26, odd:.05, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 26), shield:"round"},
      {name:"Inqan", base: 27, odd:.05, sort: i => h[i] / td(i, 13), shield:"square"},
      {name:"Kiswaili", base: 28, odd:.1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 29) / bd(i, [1, 3, 5, 7]), shield:"vesicaPiscis"},
      {name:"Vietic", base: 29, odd:.1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 25) / bd(i, [7], 7) / t[i], shield:"banner"},
      {name:"Guantzu", base:30, odd:.1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 17), shield:"banner"},
      {name:"Ulus", base:31, odd:.1, sort: i => n(i) / td(i, 5) / bd(i, [2, 4, 10], 7) * t[i], shield:"banner"}
    ];
  }

  // expand cultures across the map (Dijkstra-like algorithm)
  const expand = function() {
    TIME && console.time('expandCultures');
    cells = pack.cells;

    const queue = new PriorityQueue({comparator: (a, b) => a.p - b.p});
    pack.cultures.forEach(function(c) {
      if (!c.i || c.removed) return;
      queue.queue({e:c.center, p:0, c:c.i});
    });

    const neutral = cells.i.length / 5000 * 3000 * neutralInput.value; // limit cost for culture growth
    const cost = [];
    while (queue.length) {
      const next = queue.dequeue(), n = next.e, p = next.p, c = next.c;
      const type = pack.cultures[c].type;
      cells.c[n].forEach(function(e) {
        const biome = cells.biome[e];
        const biomeCost = getBiomeCost(c, biome, type);
        const biomeChangeCost = biome === cells.biome[n] ? 0 : 20; // penalty on biome change
        const heightCost = getHeightCost(e, cells.h[e], type);
        const riverCost = getRiverCost(cells.r[e], e, type);
        const typeCost = getTypeCost(cells.t[e], type);
        const totalCost = p + (biomeCost + biomeChangeCost + heightCost + riverCost + typeCost) / pack.cultures[c].expansionism;

        if (totalCost > neutral) return;

        if (!cost[e] || totalCost < cost[e]) {
          if (cells.s[e] > 0) cells.culture[e] = c; // assign culture to populated cell
          cost[e] = totalCost;
          queue.queue({e, p:totalCost, c});
        }
      });
    }

    TIME && console.timeEnd('expandCultures');
  }

  function getBiomeCost(c, biome, type) {
    if (cells.biome[pack.cultures[c].center] === biome) return 10; // tiny penalty for native biome
    if (type === "Hunting") return biomesData.cost[biome] * 5; // non-native biome penalty for hunters
    if (type === "Nomadic" && biome > 4 && biome < 10) return biomesData.cost[biome] * 10; // forest biome penalty for nomads
    return biomesData.cost[biome] * 2; // general non-native biome penalty
  }

  function getHeightCost(i, h, type) {
    const f = pack.features[cells.f[i]], a = cells.area[i];
    if (type === "Lake" && f.type === "lake") return 10; // no lake crossing penalty for Lake cultures
    if (type === "Naval" && h < 20) return a * 2; // low sea/lake crossing penalty for Naval cultures
    if (type === "Nomadic" && h < 20) return a * 50; // giant sea/lake crossing penalty for Nomads
    if (h < 20) return a * 6; // general sea/lake crossing penalty
    if (type === "Highland" && h < 44) return 3000; // giant penalty for highlanders on lowlands
    if (type === "Highland" && h < 62) return 200; // giant penalty for highlanders on lowhills
    if (type === "Highland") return 0; // no penalty for highlanders on highlands
    if (h >= 67) return 200; // general mountains crossing penalty
    if (h >= 44) return 30; // general hills crossing penalty
    return 0;
  }

  function getRiverCost(r, i, type) {
    if (type === "River") return r ? 0 : 100; // penalty for river cultures
    if (!r) return 0; // no penalty for others if there is no river
    return Math.min(Math.max(cells.fl[i] / 10, 20), 100) // river penalty from 20 to 100 based on flux
  }

  function getTypeCost(t, type) {
    if (t === 1) return type === "Naval" || type === "Lake" ? 0 : type === "Nomadic" ? 60 : 20; // penalty for coastline
    if (t === 2) return type === "Naval" || type === "Nomadic" ? 30 : 0; // low penalty for land level 2 for Navals and nomads
    if (t !== -1) return type === "Naval" || type === "Lake" ? 100 : 0;  // penalty for mainland for navals
    return 0;
  }

  const getRandomShield = function() {
    const type = rw(COA.shields.types);
    return rw(COA.shields[type]);
  }

  return {generate, add, expand, getDefault, getRandomShield};

})));